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1、Civilization(Kultur)http://www.answers.com/topic/civilization-kulturPsychoanalysis:Civilization(Kultur)InCivilizationandItsDiscontents,SigmundFreuddefinescivilizationasfollows:"Theword'civilization'[Kultur]describesthewholesumoftheachievementsandregulationswhichdistinguishourlivesfromthoseofour
2、animalancestorsandwhichservetwopurposes—namelytoprotectmenagainstnatureandtoadjusttheirmutualrelations"(1930a,p.89).InTheFutureofanIllusionFreudprovidedamoreextendeddefinitionofcivilization:"Humancivilization,bywhichImeanallthoserespectsinwhichhumanlifehasraiseditselfaboveitsanimalstatusanddiff
3、ersfromthelifeofthebeasts—andIscorntodistinguishbetweencultureandcivilization—presents,asweknow,twoaspectstotheobserver.Itincludes,ontheonehand,alltheknowledgeandcapacitythatmenhaveacquiredinordertocontroltheforcesofnatureandextractitswealthforthesatisfactionofhumanneedsand,ontheotherhand,allth
4、eregulationsnecessaryinordertoadjusttherelationsofmentooneanotherandespeciallythedistributionoftheavailablewealth"(1927c,p.5-6).Thesedefinitions,however,leaveoutmanyaspectsoftheconceptofcivilizationthatFreudhadmentionedinotherworks,including"CivilizedSexualMoralityandModernNervousIllness"(1908d
5、).Thesethemesincludetherelationshipofcivilizationtothesuperegoandtosublimation,itsconsequencesforneurosis,theoriginofcivilization,andthedifferentattitudesofindividualstowardcivilization,especiallyasafunctionoftheirsex.Freud'sconflationofcivilizationandculturehereissurprising,especiallywhenwecon
6、siderthatthedistinctionisclearlypresentwhenhediscussestheforcedeployedbycivilization(Kultur),ontheonehand,andthe"spiritualheritageofculture"usedto"reconcilemankind"withthatcivilization,ontheother,namely,the"spiritualheritageofculture"(1927c).LeRider(1993)haspointedoutthatthisoppositionbetweencu
7、ltureandcivilizationhadbehinditaphilosophicaltraditionofwhichFreudwasapart.ImmanuelKant(1724-1804)sawcivilizationasaceremonialaspectofculture,andsawcultureasachievedbymeansofasustainedeffort(Bildung)andasculminatinginthegreatachie
