Baddeley_Working_Memory_Lang_2003[1]

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1、JournalofCommunicationDisorders36(2003)189–208Workingmemoryandlanguage:anoverview*AlanBaddeleyDepartmentofExperimentalPsychology,UniversityofBristol,8WoodlandRd,BristolBS81TN,UKReceived30November2002;receivedinrevisedform25February2003;accepted25February20

2、03AbstractWorkingmemoryinvolvesthetemporarystorageandmanipulationofinformationthatisassumedtobenecessaryforawiderangeofcomplexcognitiveactivities.In1974,BaddeleyandHitchproposedthatitcouldbedividedintothreesubsystems,oneconcernedwithverbalandacousticinform

3、ation,thephonologicalloop,asecond,thevisuospatialsketchpadprovidingitsvisualequivalent,whilebotharedependentuponathirdatten-tionally-limitedcontrolsystem,thecentralexecutive.Afourthsubsystem,theepisodicbuffer,hasrecentlybeenproposed.Thesearedescribedinturn

4、,withparticularreferencetoimplicationsforboththenormalprocessingoflanguage,anditspotentialdisorders.Learningoutcomes:Thereaderwillbeintroducedtotheconceptofamulti-componentworkingmemory.Particularemphasiswillbeplacedonthephonologicalloopcomponent,and(a)its

5、fractionationintoastorageandprocessingcomponent,(b)theneuropsycho-logicalevidenceforthisdistinction,and(c)itsimplicationforbothnativeandsecondlanguagelearning.Thiswillbefollowedby(d)abriefoverviewofthevisuospatialsketchpadanditspossibleroleinlanguage,culmi

6、natingin(e)discussionofthehigher-levelcontrolfunctionsofworkingmemorywhichinclude(f)thecentralexecutiveanditsmulti-dimensionalstoragesystem,theepisodicbuffer.Anattemptthroughoutismadetolinkthemodeltoitsroleinbothnormalanddisorderedlanguagefunctions.#2003El

7、sevierScienceInc.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Workingmemory;Phonologicalloop;Visuospatialsketchpad;Centralexecutive;Nonwordrepetition;SpecificlanguageimpairmentInhisclassicbook,TheOrganizationofBehavior,Hebb(1949)suggestedadistinctionbetweenlong-termmemory,wh

8、ichinvolveddurablechangesinthe*Tel.:þ44-117-928-8541;fax:þ44-117-928-8588.E-mailaddress:alan.baddeley@bristol.ac.uk(A.Baddeley).0021-9924/03/$–seefrontmatter#2003ElsevierScienceInc.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.10