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1、TraumaandRecoveryJudithHerman,M.D.NewYork:BasicBooks,1992(Aboutasix-hourread.)INTRODUCTIONTHEORDINARYRESPONSETOATROCITIESistobanishthemfromconsciousness.Certainviolationsofthesocialcompactaretooterribletoutteraloud:thisisthemeaningofthewordunspeakable.At
2、rocities,however,refusetobeburied.Equallyaspowerfulasthedesiretodenyatrocitiesistheconvictionthatdenialdoesnotwork.Folkwisdomisfilledwithghostswhorefusetorestintheirgravesuntiltheirstoriesaretold.Murderwillout.Rememberingandtellingthetruthaboutterribleev
3、entsareprerequisitesbothfortherestorationofthesocialorderandforthehealingofindividualvictims.Theconflictbetweenthewilltodenyhorribleeventsandthewilltoproclaimthemaloudisthecentraldialecticofpsychologicaltrauma.Peoplewhohavesurvivedatrocitiesoftentellthei
4、rstoriesinahighlyemotional,contradictory,andfragmentedmannerwhichunderminestheircredibilityandtherebyservesthetwinimperativesoftruth-tellingandsecrecy.Whenthetruthisfinallyrecognized,survivorscanbegintheirrecovery.Butfartoooftensecrecyprevails,andthestor
5、yofthetraumaticeventsurfacesnotasaverbalnarrativebutasasymptom.Thepsychologicaldistresssymptomsoftraumatizedpeoplesimultaneouslycallattentiontotheexistenceofanunspeakablesecretanddeflectattentionfromit.Thisismostapparentinthewaytraumatizedpeoplealternate
6、betweenfeelingnumbandrelivingtheevent.Thedialecticoftraumagivesrisetocomplicated,sometimesuncannyalterationsofconsciousness,whichGeorgeOrwell,oneofthecommittedtruth-tellersofourcentury,called“doublethink,”andwhichmentalhealthprofessionals,searchingforaca
7、lm,preciselanguage,call“dissociation.”Itresultsintheprotean,dramatic,andoftenbizarresymptomsofhysteriawhichFreudrecognizedacenturyagoasdisguisedcommunicationsaboutsexualabuseinchildhood.Witnessesaswellasvictimsaresubjecttothedialecticoftrauma.Itisdifficu
8、ltforanobservertoremainclearheadedandcalm,toseemorethanafewfragmentsofthepictureatonetime,toretainallthepieces,andtofitthemtogether.Itisevenmoredifficulttofindalanguagethatconveysfullyandpersuasivelywhatonehasseen.Thosewho
