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1、A09-13-0002AndrewInkpenMichaelMoffettTheGlobalOilandGasIndustryTheoilandgasindustryisoneofthelargest,mostcomplex,andmostimportantglobalindustries.Theindustrytoucheseveryone’sliveswithproductssuchastransportation,heatingandelectricityfuels,asphalt,lubricants,propane,andthousandsofpetroc
2、hemicalproductsfromcarpetstoeyeglassestoclothing.Theindustryimpactsnationalsecurity,elections,geo-politics,andinternationalconflicts.Thepricesofcrudeoilandnaturalgasareprobablythetwomostcloselywatchedcommoditypricesintheglobaleconomy.Inrecentyears,theindustryhasseenmanytumultuousevents,
3、includingthecontinuingeffortsfromoil-producingcountrieslikeKazakh-stan,Russia,andVenezuelatoexertgreatercontrolovertheirresources;majortechnologicaladvancesindeep-waterdrillingandshaleoilandgas;Chineseoilandgasfirmsandinternationalacquisitions;ongoingstrifeinSudan,Nigeria,Chad,andothero
4、il-exportingnations;continuedheateddiscussionaboutclimatechangeandnon-hydrocarbonsourcesofenergy;andhugemovementsupanddownincrudeprices.Allofthiscomesamidpredictionsthattheglobaldemandforenergywillincreaseby30-40%by2040.OilandGasIndustryBackgroundWhenColonelEdwinDrakestruckoilinnorthwe
5、sternPennsylvaniain1859,thefirstphaseoftheoilindustrybegan.JohnD.Rockefelleremergedinthoseearlydaysasapioneerinindustrialorganization.WhenRockefellercombinedStandardOiland39affiliatedcompaniestocreateStandardOilTrustin1882,hisgoalwasnottoformamonopoly,becausethesecompaniesalreadycontroll
6、ed90%ofthekerosenemarket.Hisrealgoalwastoachieveeconomiesofscale,whichhedidbycombiningalltherefiningoperationsunderasinglemanagementstructure.Indoingso,RockefellersetthestageforwhathistorianAlfredChandlercalledthe“dynamiclogicofgrowthandcompetitionthatdrivesmoderncapitalism.”1WiththeSpi
7、ndletopdiscoveryofoilinEastTexasin1901,anewphaseoftheindustrybegan.BeforeSpindletop,oilwasusedmainlyforlampsandlubrication.AfterSpindletop,petroleumwouldbeusedasamajorfuelfornewinventions,suchastheairplaneandautomobile.Shipsandtrainsthathadpreviouslyrunoncoalbegantoswitchtooil.Forthe
