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1、Articlepubs.acs.org/EFDemulsificationofWater-in-CrudeOilEmulsionsbyMicrowaveRadiation:EffectofAging,DemulsifierAddition,andSelectiveHeating,†,‡†‡BiancaM.S.Ferreira,*JoaoB.V.S.Ramalho,̃andElizabeteF.Lucas†PetrobrasResearchCenter,AvenidaHoracioMacedo,950,CidadeUniversitária,CEP21941-915,Rio
2、deJaneiro,RiodeJaneiró(RJ),Brazil‡LaboratoryofMacromoleculesandColloidsforPetroleumIndustry,InstituteofMacromolecules,FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,AvenidaHoracioMacedo,2030,IlhadoFundáo,CEP21941-598,RiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro(RJ),Brazil̃ABSTRACT:Microwaveradiationtopromotethedestabi
3、lizationofwater-in-crudeoilpetroleumemulsionsisalreadyanalternativetechnologyforheating.Recentstudieshavesuggestedthatmicrowaveheatingismoreeffectivethanconventionalheating.Thisstudyassessedthefollowingeffectsonthedemulsificationprocess:theagingofemulsionsforthetwotypesofheating(microwavea
4、ndconventional),thetimeintervalbetweenmicrowaveheatingandtheadditionofachemicaldemulsifier,andthetimeofmicrowaveirradiationontheheatingofpetroleumandbrinefluids.Inaddition,thisstudycomparedtheefficiencyofwaterseparationbyconventionalheatingandmicrowaveheatingregardingthe(a)meantemperatureof
5、theemulsionand(b)temperatureofwaterdroplets.Itwasobservedthatwaterseparationislessefficientforthetwotypesofheatingwhentheemulsionissubjectedtoaging.Theefficiencyofwaterseparationusingmicrowaveheatingisgreaterthanwithconventionalheatingwhenthemeantemperatureoftheemulsionremainsthesame.Howeve
6、r,theywereequivalentwhenthetemperaturesofthewaterdropletsareequal.Thisfactindicatesthattheadvantageofselectivelyheatingwaterdropletsbymicrowaveradiationisthatthetemperatureofthetreatmentofemulsionscanbereduced:thehighertemperaturethatislocatedinregionofinterest(waterdropletsandtheperiph
7、ery)facilitatesthedrainageoftheinterfacialfilmandthestageofcoalescencebetweenthewaterdroplets.1.INTRODUCTIONMicrowavesarenon-ionizingelectromagneticwavesinthefrequency(f)rangebetween30and0.3GHzandwavelengthDuringpetroleumproduction,thereisaco-productionof23(λ)varyingbetween0.01a
