A REVIEW OF INTERLANGUAGE SYNTAX

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1、AREVIEWOFINTERLANGUAGESYNTAX:LANGUAGETRANSFERANDLANGUAGEUNIVERSALSSusanGassTheUniversityofMichiganInattemptingtocometoanunderstandingoftheprocessesinvolvedinacquiringthesyntaxofasecondlanguage,ithasbecomeevidentthatwemustconsidergeneralizationsandapproximationsoftargetlanguage(TL)structures

2、.'However,itisalsoclearthatanexplanatoryaccountofL2acquisitioncannotbegivenonthebasisoftheTLalone.Thereareadditionalfactorsthatshapetheprogressofdevelopment.Twomajoroneshavebeensuggested:languagetransferandlanguageuniversals.Theformerhasalonghistoryandtradition(cf.GassandSelinker1983foradis

3、cussion),whilethesecondhasonlyrecentlybeguntoattractattention.InthispaperIwillreviewtheseparateliteratureofeachoftheseareasandshowthatbothareimportantnotonlyassingleshapingfactors,butalsoasinteractingones.LANGUAGETRANSFERThestudyoflanguagetransferinsecondlanguageacquisitionhashadanunusualhi

4、story.Lado(1957),inturninfluencedbyFries(1945)andthebilingualstudiesofHaugen(1953)andWeinreich(1953),publishedaninfluentialworkinwhichheprovideswhathetakestobeprinciplesunderlyinglearners'behavior.Thiswasthebasisofthecontrastiveanalysishypothesiswhichrelateslearnerdifficultytodifferencesbet

5、weenthetargetlanguageandthenativelanguage.Thesedifferencesweredeterminedon'IamgratefultoPatsyLightbownforherhelpfulcommentsonearlierdraftsofthispaperandforheradeptorchestrationoftheInterlanguageStateoftheArtPresentationatTESOL,1983,ofwhichthispaperwasapart.Ialsothankmyco-participants,RogerA

6、ndersenandWilliamRutherford.fortheirassistanceandsupportinallphasesofthepreparationofthispaper.1amindebtedtoLarrySelinkerforhissignificantroleinthepreparationofthelanguagetransfersection.Finally,IthankJoshArdforhispatientreadingsandwelcomefeedbackonallaspectsofthispaper.II5116LanguageLearni

7、ngVol.34,No.2thebasisofacontrastiveanalysisofthetwolanguagesinquestionbecause,asLado(1957:2)putit:Individualstendtotransfertheformsandmeaningsandthedistributionofformsandmeaningsoftheirnativelanguageandculturetotheforeignlanguageandculture-bothproductive