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1、PERSPECTIVEDealingwithfemtorisksininternationalrelationsa,1b,2c,1,2d,2e,2AaronBenjaminFrank,MargaretGoudCollins,SimonA.Levin,AndrewW.Lo,JoshuaRamo,bfb,g,3bhUlfDieckmann,VictorKremenyuk,ArkadyKryazhimskiy,JoAnneLinnerooth-Bayer,BenRamalingam,ijb,klJ.Staple
2、tonRoy,DonaldG.Saari,StefanThurner,andDetlofvonWinterfeldtabDepartmentofComputationalSocialScience,GeorgeMasonUniversity,Arlington,VA22030;InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemscdAnalysis,A-2361Laxenburg,Austria;DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,
3、PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NJ08544;SloanefSchoolofManagement,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02142;KissingerAssociates,NewYork,NY10022;InstitutegforUSandCanadianStudies,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow123995,Russia;SteklovInstituteofMathe
4、matics,RussianAcademyofhiSciences,Moscow119991,Russia;OverseasDevelopmentInstitute,London,UnitedKingdom;KissingerInstituteonChinaandtheUnitedjStates,TheWilsonCenter,Washington,DC20004;InstituteforMathematicalBehavioralSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvin
5、e,CA92697;klMedicalUniversityofVienna,A-1090Vienna,Austria;andDanielJ.EpsteinDepartmentofIndustrial&SystemsEngineering,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA90089EditedbyKennethW.Wachter,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,andapprovedOctober17,2014(r
6、eceivedforreviewJuly6,2014)Thecontemporaryglobalcommunityisincreasinglyinterdependentandconfrontedwithsystemicrisksposedbytheactionsandinteractionsofactorsexistingbeneaththelevelofformalinstitutions,oftenoperatingoutsideeffectivegovernancestructures.Frequ
7、ently,theseactorsarehumanagents,suchasroguetradersoraggressivefinancialinnovators,terrorists,groupsofdissidents,orunauthorizedsourcesofsensitiveorsecretinformationaboutgovernmentorprivatesectoractivities.Inotherinstances,influential“actors”taketheformofcl
8、imatechange,communicationstechnologies,orsocioeconomicglobalization.Althoughtheseindividualforcesmaybesmallrelativetostategovernmentsorinternationalinstitutions,ormayoperateonlongtimescales,thechangestheycatalyzecan
