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1、Neuropsychopharmacology(2016)41,1956–1964©2016AmericanCollegeofNeuropsychopharmacology.Allrightsreserved0893-133X/16www.neuropsychopharmacology.orgMaltreatmentExposure,BrainStructure,andFearConditioninginChildrenandAdolescents,12311KatieAMcLaughlin*,MargaretASheridan,AndreaLGold,AndreaDuys,HilaryKLa
2、mbert,11453MatthewPeverill,CharlotteHeleniak,TomerShechner,ZuzannaWojcieszakandDanielSPine12DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA;DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,NC,34USA;SectiononDevelopmentandAffectiveNeuroscience,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,B
3、ethesda,MD,USA;DepartmentofPsychology,5UniversityofHaifa,Haifa,Israel;DepartmentofPsychology,TempleUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,USAAlterationsinlearningprocessesandtheneuralcircuitrythatsupportsfearconditioningandextinctionrepresentmechanismsthroughwhichtraumaexposuremightinfluenceriskforpsychopatholo
4、gy.Fewstudiesexaminehowtraumaorneuralstructurerelatestofearconditioninginchildren.Children(n=94)aged6–18years,40.4%(n=38)withexposuretomaltreatment(physicalabuse,sexualabuse,ordomesticviolence),completedafearconditioningparadigmutilizingblueandyellowbellsasconditionedstimuli(CS+/CS−)andanaversiveala
5、rmnoiseastheunconditionedstimulus.Skinconductanceresponses(SCR)andself-reportedfearwereacquired.Magneticresonanceimagingdatawereacquiredfrom60children.ChildrenwithoutmaltreatmentexposureexhibitedstrongdifferentialconditioningtotheCS+vsCS−,basedonSCRandself-reportedfear.Incontrast,maltreatedchildrene
6、xhibitedbluntedSCRtotheCS+andfailedtoexhibitdifferentialSCRtotheCS+vsCS−duringearlyconditioning.AmygdalaandhippocampalvolumewerereducedamongchildrenwithmaltreatmentexposureandwerenegativelyassociatedwithSCRtotheCS+duringearlyconditioninginthetotalsample,althoughtheseassociationswerenegativeonlyamong
7、non-maltreatedchildrenandwerepositiveamongmaltreatedchildren.Theassociationofmaltreatmentwithexternalizingpsychopathologywasmediatedbythisperturbedpatternoffearconditioning.Childmaltreatmentisassociat
