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1、ARTOFTHEMINGDYNASTY(1368-1644)JonathanHayOriginallypublishedinItalianinStoriauniversaledell’arte:LaCina(Torino:UTET,1995),2vols.,ed.MichèlePirazzolit'Serstevens.N.B.NumbersinparenthesesinboldrefertothepageoftheItaliantextonwhichtherelevantillustrationmaybefound.THEMINGDYNASTYTheYuan
2、dynastyformallyfellin1368totheAnhuipeasantleaderZhuYuanzhang,whofoundedhisowndynasty,theMing(Bright).Hissuccessbroughttoanendtwoandahalfcenturiesofpartialorcompleteforeignrule.DuringthesubsequentthreecenturiesoftheMingdynasticcycle,Chinapassedfromarigidlystructuredsocietyinwhichthec
3、ourtlargelydominatedtheartoftheelite,toafluidentrepreneurialsocietywithafarbroadersocialbaseforart.Thislong-termshift,whichnotcoincidentallyaccompaniedChina'sentryintoaglobaleconomicframework,wasperhapsevenmoreimportantinitseffectsthanthefoundingofthedynastyitself.InthelongerviewofC
4、hinesehistory,thefirsthalfoftheMingdynastytakesonspecialsignificanceasthefinalexampleofaunifiedandhegemonicdynasticstyle,whileitsdecentralizedsecondhalfisalreadymuchclosertomodernculturaldevelopments.FROMHONGWUTOTIANSHUN(1368-1464)Althoughthereweretenreignperiodsbetween1368and1464,t
5、hedecisivecontributionstoMingdynasticartcameunderthreereigns:Hongwu,YongleandXuande.Thefirstofthesereignperiodswasasnoteworthyforwhatthecourtrejectedortoleratedinwhatitinheritedasforitsinnovations.Aboveall,ZhuYuanzhangisnotoriousforhisgeneraldistrustofintellectualsandparticularperse
6、cutionofliteratifromtheSuzhouregion,manyofwhomhadjoinedthecourtofhisrival,ZhangShicheng,whenZhangmadeSuzhouhiscapitalin1356.In1368,hebanishedthousandsofthemtotheharshenvironsofhishomeareainAnhui,whereanewcapitalwasthenunderconstruction.Atthesametime,heofferedothersofficialpositions.
7、By1374,however,hewaspersuadedthattheyrepresentedadangeroussourceofopposition;hundredswereexecutedandimprisoned,thenandlater.ThusthetroubledcircumstancesinwhichlateYuanpainterswereembroiledfromthe1350sonwardscontinuedintotheearlyMing.YetmanyofthegreatestachievementsofYuanpaintingbelo
8、ngtothefirsttwodeca
