资源描述:
《Outer space 外太空》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、外太空(outerspace):外太空指的是地球稠密大气层之外的空间区域,并没有明确的界线分野。又称为宇宙空间,指的是相对于地球天空中大气层之外的虚空区域,外太空通常用来和领空(领土)划分区别;虽然称为空,却也并非虚无缥缈。外太空也简称太空,一般定义为大约距离地球表面1000千米之外的空间。国际航空联合会定义在100公里的高度为卡门线,为现行大气层和太空的界线定义。美国认定到达海拔80公里的人为太空人,在太空船重返地球的过程中,120公里是空气阻力开始发生作用的边界。外太空的环境:一、低温,极低的温度,约为-273摄氏度。已非常接近极限低温了。二、真空,极好的真空,比人类在实验室中制
2、造的最好的真空还要“空”几个数量级。三、强辐射,对我们人类现在的科技水平来说,这强辐射主要来自我们的太阳。因为恒星都是巨大的热核反应堆,所以伴随着光和热向四周发散的就是强辐射。四、失重,就是所有物体在外太空都是可以随意漂浮的,当然前提是周围没有大的天体,不会有引力来干扰这失重。五、空,极空。可能老祖宗早都知道这一点,所以居然用了“太空”这么一个词。外太空天体间的距离很大,以光年计也要成十上百的。失重:Theconditionofapparentweightlessnessoccurringwhenthecentrifugalforceonabodyexactlycounterbala
3、ncesthegravitationalattractiononit.真空:Vacuumisspacethatisdevoidofmatter.ThewordstemsfromtheLatinadjectivevacuusfor"vacant"or"void".Anapproximationtosuchvacuumisaregionwithagaseouspressuremuchlessthanatmosphericpressure.[1]Physicistsoftendiscussidealtestresultsthatwouldoccurinaperfectvacuum,whic
4、htheysometimessimplycall"vacuum"orfreespace,andusethetermpartialvacuumtorefertoanactualimperfectvacuumasonemighthaveinalaboratoryorinspace.TheLatinterminvacuoisusedtodescribeanobjectasbeinginwhatwouldotherwisebeavacuum.Thequalityofapartialvacuumreferstohowcloselyitapproachesaperfectvacuum.Other
5、thingsequal,lowergaspressuremeanshigher-qualityvacuum.Forexample,atypicalvacuumcleanerproducesenoughsuctiontoreduceairpressurebyaround20%.[2]Muchhigher-qualityvacuumsarepossible.Ultra-highvacuumchambers,commoninchemistry,physics,andengineering,operatebelowonetrillionth(10−12)ofatmosphericpressu
6、re(100 nPa),andcanreacharound100particles/cm3.[3]Outerspaceisanevenhigher-qualityvacuum,withtheequivalentofjustafewhydrogenatomspercubicmeteronaverage.[4]Accordingtomodernunderstanding,evenifallmattercouldberemovedfromavolume,itwouldstillnotbe"empty"duetovacuumfluctuations,darkenergy,transiting
7、gamma-andcosmicrays,neutrinos,alongwithotherphenomenainquantumphysics.Inmodernparticlephysics,thevacuumstateisconsideredasthegroundstateofmatter.VacuumhasbeenafrequenttopicofphilosophicaldebatesinceancientGreektimes,butwasnotstudi