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1、InformationSystemsArchitecture____________________________3.1WhatisanArchitecture?"Architecture"isapopularterm,yetdifferentpeopleuseitfordifferentthingsandwithdifferentmeanings.Inthe1980sand1990s,architecturewasclosetobecomingabuzzword.Apartfromcomputerarch
2、itecture,termslikeenterprisearchitecture,informationarchitecture,applicationarchitecture,communicationarchitectureandmoreappearedtobetrendy.Thediscussioninchapter1showedtheneedforquiteanumberofDifferentelementsworkingdifferentelementstoworktogethersmoothly.
3、Dependingonthelevelofsmoothlyabstraction,suchelementsmaybeentireinformationsystemssuchasatogetherCRMsystem,webandapplicationservers,databasemanagementsys-963InformationSystemsArchitecturetems,browsersetc.Inafine-grainedview,elementsmaybeprogramsorprogrammod
4、ules,databases,datastructures,classes,objects,user-interfaceformsorsimilarentities.Elementshavetobearrangedinameaningfulandeffectiveway.Theeaseofaddingnewelementstothesystemandremovingexistingonesisimportant."StructureWhatexactlyisanarchitecture?Anarchitect
5、urehasverymuchtodomatters"withsystemstructure."Structurematters,"isakeystatementinawell-knownbookonsoftwarearchitecture[Bass2003,p.44].Anarchitec-turedefinestheelementsofasystem,whattheyaremeanttodo,andtheirinterrelations.Everynon-trivialsystemhasanarchitec
6、ture,whetheritisimplicitorexplicit.Abuildinghasanarchitecture,acom-puterhasanarchitecture,andsoftwarehasanarchitecture.Boochcallsasoftwarearchitectureintentionalifithasbeenexplicitlyidentifiedandimplemented,whereas"anaccidentalarchitectureemergesfromthemult
7、itudeofindividualdesigndecisionsthatoccurduringdevelopment[Booch2006,p.9]."Thestudyofsoftwarearchitectureas"...theprincipledunderstand-ingofthelarge-scalestructuresofsoftwaresystems"[Shaw2006,p.31]emergedinthelate1980s.Sincethattime,intensiveresearchinthefi
8、eldhasmadesoftwarearchitectureanessentialpartofsystemdesignandconstruction.AnoverviewoftheevolutionofsoftwarearchitectureisgivenbyKruchtenandcoauthors[Kruchten2006].Enterprise-wideWhendiscussingarchite
