individualism_collectivism_measurement[1]

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1、JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologyCopyright1998bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,Inc.1998,Vol.74,No.1,118-1280022-3514/98/53.00ConvergingMeasurementofHorizontalandVerticalIndividualismandCollectivismHarryC.TriandisMicheleJ.GelfandUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champa

2、ignUniversityofMaryland,CollegeParkTheconstructsofhorizontal(H)andvertical(V)individualism(I)andcollectivism(C)weretheoreticallydefinedandempiricallysupported.Study1confirmed,viafactoranalysis,thatthe4constructs,HI,VI,HC,andVC,whichwerepreviouslyfoundintheUnitedStates,which

3、hasanindividualistculture,alsowerefoundinKorea,whichhasacollectivistculture.Study2investigatedmultimethod-multitraitmatricesmeasuringtheconstructsandgenerallysupportedtheirconvergentanddivergentvalidity.Study3showedhowthese4constructsrelatetopreviouslyidentifiedcompo-nentsb

4、yH.C.Triandisandcolleagues.Study4showedtherelationshipsofthemeasurementofthe4constructstosomeofthemeasuresusedbyotherresearchers.Theindividualismandcollectivismconstructs(Dumont,Specifically,Triandis(1995)arguedthatthefourdefining1986;Hofstede,1980;Lukes,1973)havebeendiscus

5、sedinattributesofindividualismandcollectivismare(a)thedefinitionmanycontextsinthesocialsciences(Kim,Triandis,Kagitcibasi,oftheself,whichcanemphasizepersonalorcollectiveaspectsChoi,&Yoon,1994;Triandis,1995).Forexample,closelyre-(Triandis,1989)orcanbeindependentorinterdepende

6、nt(Mar-latedconceptscanbefoundintheareasofvalues(Hofstede,kus&Kitayama,1991);(b)personalgoalsthatcanhaveprior-1980;Kluckhohn&Strodtbeck,1961),socialsystems(Par-ityoverin-groupgoalsorviceversa(Triandis,1990;Yama-sons&Shils,1951),morality(Miller,Bersoff,&Harwood,guchi,1994);(

7、c)theemphasisonexchangeratherthancommu-1990),politics(Singelis,Triandis,Bhawuk,&Gelfand,1995),nalrelationships(Mills&Clark,1982)ortheemphasisonreligion(Bakan,1966),cognitivedifferentiation(Witkin&rationalityratherthanrelatedness(Kimetal.,1994);and(d)Berry,1975),ideology(Dum

8、ont,1986),economicdevelop-theimportanceofattitudesandnormsasdeterminantsofsocialme