UnitWTO——Five

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1、UnitFiveMembershipandAlliancesAllmembershavejoinedthesystemasaresultofnegotiationandthereforemembershipmeansabalanceofrightsandobligations.Theyenjoytheprivilegesthatothermember-countriesgivetothemandthesecuritythatthetradingrulesprovide.Inreturn,theyhadtomakecommitmentstoopentheirmarkets

2、andtoabidebytherules—thosecommitmentsweretheresultofthemembership(or“accession”)negotiations.CountriesnegotiatingmembershipareWTO“observers”.HowtojointheWTO:theaccessionprocessback to topAnystateorcustomsterritoryhavingfullautonomyintheconductofitstradepoliciesmayjoin(“accedeto”)theWTO,b

3、utWTOmembersmustagreeontheterms.Broadlyspeakingtheapplicationgoesthroughfourstages:First,“tellusaboutyourself”.ThegovernmentapplyingformembershiphastodescribeallaspectsofitstradeandeconomicpoliciesthathaveabearingonWTOagreements.ThisissubmittedtotheWTOinamemorandumwhichisexaminedbythewor

4、kingpartydealingwiththecountry’sapplication.TheseworkingpartiesareopentoallWTOmembers.Second,“workoutwithusindividuallywhatyouhavetooffer”.Whentheworkingpartyhasmadesufficientprogressonprinciplesandpolicies,parallelbilateraltalksbeginbetweentheprospectivenewmemberandindividualcountries.T

5、heyarebilateralbecausedifferentcountrieshavedifferenttradinginterests.Thesetalkscovertariffratesandspecificmarketaccesscommitments,andotherpoliciesingoodsandservices.Thenewmember’scommitmentsaretoapplyequallytoallWTOmembersundernormalnon-discriminationrules,eventhoughtheyarenegotiatedbil

6、aterally.Inotherwords,thetalksdeterminethebenefits(intheformofexportopportunitiesandguarantees)otherWTOmemberscanexpectwhenthenewmemberjoins.(Thetalkscanbehighlycomplicated.Ithasbeensaidthatinsomecasesthenegotiationsarealmostaslargeasanentireroundofmultilateraltradenegotiations.)Third,“l

7、et’sdraftmembershipterms”.Oncetheworkingpartyhascompleteditsexaminationoftheapplicant’straderegime,andtheparallelbilateralmarketaccessnegotiationsarecomplete,theworkingpartyfinalizesthetermsofaccession.Theseappearinareport,adraftmembershiptreaty(“protocolofaccession”)andl