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1、UnitTwoTheGATTyears:fromHavanatoMarrakeshTheWTO’screationon1January1995markedthebiggestreformofinternationaltradesinceaftertheSecondWorldWar.Italsobroughttoreality—inanupdatedform—thefailedattemptin1948tocreateanInternationalTradeOrganization.Muchofthehistoryofth
2、ose47yearswaswritteninGeneva.Butitalsotracesajourneythatspannedthecontinents,fromthathesitantstartin1948inHavana(Cuba),viaAnnecy(France),Torquay(UK),Tokyo(Japan),PuntadelEste(Uruguay),Montreal(Canada),Brussels(Belgium)andfinallytoMarrakesh(Morocco)in1994.Duringth
3、atperiod,thetradingsystemcameunderGATT,salvagedfromtheabortedattempttocreatetheITO.GATThelpedestablishastrongandprosperousmultilateraltradingsystemthatbecamemoreandmoreliberalthroughroundsoftradenegotiations.Butbythe1980sthesystemneededathoroughoverhaul.Thisledto
4、theUruguayRound,andultimatelytotheWTO.GATT:‘provisional’foralmosthalfacenturyFrom1948to1994,theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)providedtherulesformuchofworldtradeandpresidedoverperiodsthatsawsomeofthehighestgrowthratesininternationalcommerce.Itseemedwell-e
5、stablished,butthroughoutthose47years,itwasaprovisionalagreementandorganization.Theoriginalintentionwastocreateathirdinstitutiontohandlethetradesideofinternationaleconomiccooperation,joiningthetwo“BrettonWoods”institutions,theWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFu
6、nd.Over50countriesparticipatedinnegotiationstocreateanInternationalTradeOrganization(ITO)asaspecializedagencyoftheUnitedNations.ThedraftITOCharterwasambitious.Itextendedbeyondworldtradedisciplines,toincluderulesonemployment,commodityagreements,restrictivebusiness
7、practices,internationalinvestment,andservices.TheaimwastocreatetheITOataUNConferenceonTradeandEmploymentinHavana,Cubain1947.Meanwhile,15countrieshadbeguntalksinDecember1945toreduceandbindcustomstariffs.WiththeSecondWorldWaronlyrecentlyended,theywantedtogiveanearl
8、yboosttotradeliberalization,andtobegintocorrectthelegacyofprotectionistmeasureswhichremainedinplacefromtheearly1930s.Thisfirstroundofnegotiationsresultedinapac
