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1、HowComputersChangetheWayWeThink计算机如何改变我们的思维方式BySHERRYTURKLE雪莉TURKLE由Thetoolsweusetothinkchangethewaysinwhichwethink.Theinventionofwrittenlanguagebroughtaboutaradicalshiftinhowweprocess,organize,store,andtransmitrepresentationsoftheworld.Althoughwritingremainsourprimaryinform
2、ationtechnology,todaywhenwethinkabouttheimpactoftechnologyonourhabitsofmind,wethinkprimarilyofthecomputer.我们使用的工具想改变的方式思考。语言文字的发明带来的彻底转变的过程中,如何组织、存储、传递世界的表现力。虽然写作仍然是我们的主要信息技术,今天当我们想到那些技术的影响我们的生活习惯的心灵,我们认为主要是你的计算机。Myfirstencounterswithhowcomputerschangethewaywethinkcamesoonaf
3、terIjoinedthefacultyattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinthelate1970s,attheendoftheeraoftheslideruleandthebeginningoftheeraofthepersonalcomputer.Atalunchfornewfacultymembers,severalseniorprofessorsinengineeringcomplainedthatthetransitionfromsliderulestocalculatorshadaffe
4、ctedtheirstudents'abilitytodealwithissuesofscale.Whenstudentsusedsliderules,theyhadtoinsertdecimalpointsthemselves.Theprofessorsinsistedthatthatrequiredstudentstomaintainamentalsenseofscale,whereasthosewhoreliedoncalculatorsmadefrequenterrorsinordersofmagnitude.Additionally,
5、thestudentswithcalculatorshadlosttheirabilitytodo"backoftheenvelope"calculations,andwiththat,anintuitivefeelforthematerial.我第一次与计算机如何改变人们的思维方式,他很快就接著我就加入了教师在美国麻省理工学院在1970年代晚期,时代末期,开始计算尺时代的个人电脑。在一个午餐,几位高级初任教师教授在工程抱怨转变规则,计算器滑动影响他们的学生的能力,处理问题的规模。当学生们使用规则,他们不得不滑插入小数分自己。教授们坚持说,要求
6、学生保持精神意义上的规模,而那些依赖计算器经常错误的数量级。此外,学生失去能力计算器去做“后面的极限"的计算,与此同时,一个直观的感觉材料。Thatsamesemester,Itaughtacourseinthehistoryofpsychology.There,Iexperiencedtheimpactofcomputationalobjectsonstudents'ideasabouttheiremotionallives.MyclasshadreadFreud'sessayonslipsofthetongue,withitsfamousf
7、irstexample:Thechairmanofaparliamentarysessionopensameetingbydeclaringitclosed.ThestudentsdiscussedhowFreudinterpretedsucherrorsasrevealingaperson'smixedemotions.Acomputer-sciencemajordisagreedwithFreud'sapproach.Themind,sheargued,isacomputer.Andinacomputationaldictionary--l
8、ikewehaveinthehumanmind--"closed"and"open"aredesignatedbythesamesymbol,sepa
