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1、ChapterEightMicrobiologyPassage1IntroductiontoPharmaceuticalMicrobiology—MicroorganismsandMedicineDespitecontinuingpovertyinmanypartsoftheworldandthedevastatingeffectsofHIVandAIDSinfectionontheAfricancontinentandelsewhere,thehealthoftheworld'spopulationisprogressivelyimproving.Thisisref
2、lectedintheincreaseinlifeexpectancythathasbeenrecordedforthegreatmajorityofthecountriesreportingstatisticstotheWorldHealthOrganizationoverthelast40years.InCentralAmerica,forexample,thelifeexpectancyhasincreasedfrom55yearsin1960to71yearsin2000,andtheincreaseinNorth(butnotsub-Saharan)Afri
3、caisevengreater,form47to68years.Muchofthisimprovementisduetobetternutritionandsanitation,butimprovedhealthcareandthegreateravailabilityofeffectivemedicineswithwhichtitreatcommondiseasesarealsomajorcontributingfactors.Substantialinroadshavebeenmadeinthepreventionandtreatmentofcancer,card
4、iovasculardiseaseandothermajorcauseofdeathinWesternsociety,andofinfectionsanddiarrhoealdiseasethatremainthebigkillersindevelopingcountries.Severalinfectiousdiseaseshavebeeneradicatedcompletely,andothersfromsubstantialpartsoftheworld.Theglobaleradicationofsmallpoxin1997iswelldocumented,b
5、ut2002sawthreeoftheworld'scontinentsdeclaredfreeofpolio,andtheprospectsaregoodforthetotaleliminationofpolio,measlesanChagasdiseases.Thedevelopmentofthemanyvaccinesandothermedicinesthathavebeensocrucialtotheimprovementinworldhealthhasbeentheresultofthelargeinvestmentinresearchbythemajori
6、nternationalpharmaceuticalcompanies.Thishasledtothemanufactureofpharmaceuticalsbecomingoneofmostconsistentlysuccessfulandimportantindustriesinmanycounties,notonlyinthetraditionalstrongholdsofNorthAmerica,WesternEuropeandJapanbut,increasingly,inEasternEurope,theIndiansubcontinentandtheFa
7、rEast.Worldwidesalesofmedicinesandmedicaldevicesareestimatedtohaveexceeded＄U.S.401billion(approximately￡250billion)in2002,andthisfigureisrisingby8％perannum.IntheUKalone,thevalueofpharmaceuticalexportsiscurrently￡10.03billioneachyear,afigurethattranslatestomorethan￡150,000foreac
