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1、Chapter3Makingcorrectandeffectivesentences造正确有效的句子3ConcisenessWewritesentencestoexpressideas.Theuseofwordsinasentence,therefore,isdecidedbytheideaitexpresses.Needlesswordsdonothelpexpressideas;onthecontrary,theyobscurethemeaningandconfusethereader.Sooneoftherulesofsentence-makingistouseonl
2、ythenecessarywords,orasfewwordsaspossiblesolongasthemeaningisfullyexpressed.Butoftenwetendtoputasuperfluous多余的wordhereandthereinasentence.Thishabitmaycomefromthewaywetalk.Itiscommoninspeakingtorepeataword,usewordsofsimilarmeaningtogether,andchangewordswehavesaidandeventhestructureofasenten
3、ceinthemiddleofit.Butweshouldnotdosoinwriting.Thisispossiblebecausewhenwewritewehavetimetocheckwhatwehavewrittenanddeleteallthewordsthatarenotneededfortheexpressionofideas,ortomakeoursentencesconcise.Hereareafewhintsformakingconciseandclearsentences;A,Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun;B,U
4、seawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofaclausewiththesamemeaningC,Donotrepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows;D,Donotusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaningsinthesamesentence;E,Donotrepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasis.
5、4EmphasisWhenwetalk,weemphasizeanimportantideabyraisingourvoicesormakingagesture.Whenwewrite,wealsohavewaystolayemphasisoncertainwordsorphrases.PlacingTheendandthebeginningofasentenceusuallyattractthereader’sattention,soimportantelementsofasentenceshouldbeputatthesetaoplaces,especiallythee
6、nd.ClimacticsequenceInenumerating列举thingsorideas,weshouldstartfromtheleastimportantandendwiththemostimportant,orintheclimactic高潮的sequence.TheuseofverbsintheactivevoiceVerbsaregenerallymoreemphaticthannounsoranyotherpartofspeech.SubordinationWehavetalkedaboutsubordinationandcoordination.Sub
7、ordinatingapartofasentenceisawayofgivingemphasistothemainideainthesentence.RepeatingimportantwordsRepetitionasaruleshouldbeavoided,butoccasionallyimportantwordscanberepeatedforthesakeofemphasis.ShortsentencesShortsentencesareoftenemphatic,especiallyafterlonger
