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1、TheColonialOriginsofComparativeDevelopment:AnEmpiricalInvestigation∗DaronAcemoglu†SimonJohnson‡JamesA.Robinson§June22,2000AbstractWeexploitdifferencesinthemortalityratesfacedbyEuropeancolonialiststoestimatetheeffectofinstitutionsoneconomicperformance.OurargumentisthatEuropeansadoptedverydiffere
2、ntcolonizationpoliciesindifferentcolonies,withdifferentassociatedinstitutions.Thechoiceofcolonizationstrategywas,atleastinpart,determinedbywhetherEuropeanscouldsettleinthecolony.InplaceswhereEuropeansfacedhighmortalityrates,theycouldnotsettleandtheyweremorelikelytosetupworse(extractive)institu
3、tions.Theseearlyinstitutionspersistedtothepresent.Wedocumentevidencesupportingthesehypotheses.Exploitingdifferencesinmortalityratesfacedbysoldiers,bishopsandsailorsinthecoloniesinthe17th,18thand19thcenturiesasaninstrumentforcurrentinstitutions,weestimatelargeeffectsofinstitutionsonincomepercap
4、ita.Ourestimatesimplythatdifferencesininstitutionsexplainapproximatelythree-quartersoftheincomepercapitadifferencesacrossformercolonies.Oncewecontrolfortheeffectofinstitutions,wefindthatcountriesinAfricaorthosefartherawayfromtheequatordonothavelowerincomes.∗WethankJoshuaAngrist,AbhijitBanerjee,E
5、stherDuflo,JohnGallup,ChadJones,AndreiShleifer,andparticipantsattheHarvard-MITDevelopmentEconomicsseminar,BerkeleyPoliticalSciencesemi-nar,ColumbiaSocialSciencesseminar,andtheStanfordSocialScienceHistoryInstituteconferenceforusefulcomments.WealsothankRobertMcCaaforguidingustothedataonbishops’
6、mortality.†MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofEconomics,E52-371,Cambridge,MA02319,andCanadianInstituteofAdvancedResearch;e-mail:daron@mit.edu‡MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,SloanSchoolofManagement,Cambridge,MA02319;e-mail:sjohnson@mit.edu.§UniversityofCalifornia,DepartmentofP
7、oliticalScience,210BarrowsHall,BerkeleyCA94720;e-mail:jamesar@socrates.berkeley.edu.11IntroductionWhatarethefundamentalcausesofthelargedifferencesinincomepercapitaacrosscoun-tries?Althoughthereisstilllittleconsensusontheanswertothisquestion,differenc
