Lack of efficacy of music to improve sleep a polysomnographic and quantitative EEG analysis

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1、InternationalJournalofPsychophysiology63(2007)232–239www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpsychoLackofefficacyofmusictoimprovesleep:ApolysomnographicandquantitativeEEGanalysisStanleyE.Lazic⁎,RobertD.Ogilvie1DepartmentofPsychology,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines,Ontario,CanadaL2S3A1R

2、eceived12August2006;receivedinrevisedform13October2006;accepted13October2006Availableonline22November2006AbstractAnincreasingnumberofstudieshavebeenexaminingnon-pharmacologicalmethodstoimprovethequalityofsleep,includingtheuseofmusicandothertypesofauditorystimulation.Whi

3、lemanyofthesestudieshavefoundsignificantresults,theysufferfromacombinationofsubjectiveself-reportmeasuresastheprimaryoutcome,alackofpropercontrols,oftencombinemusicwithsometypeofrelaxationtherapy,ordonotrandomisesubjectstocontrolandtreatmentconditions.Itisthereforediffi

4、culttoassesstheefficacyofmusictoinduceorimprovesleep.Thepresentstudythereforeexaminedtheeffectsofmusicusingstandardpolysomnographicmeasuresandquantitativeanalysisoftheelectroencephalogram,alongwithsubjectiveratingsofsleepquality.Inaddition,atonesconditionwasusedtocompar

5、eanyeffectsofmusicwiththeeffectsofgeneralauditorystimulation.Usingacounter-balancedwithin-subjectsdesign,themusicwasnotsignificantlybetterthanthetonesorcontrolconditionsinimprovingsleeponsetlatency,sleepefficiency,waketimeaftersleeponset,orpercentslowwavesleep,asdetermi

6、nedbyobjectivephysiologicalcriteria.©2006ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:EEG;FFT;Musictherapy;Powerspectralanalysis;PSG;Sleep;SWS1.Introductioncontrolexpectationorplaceboeffectswhichmightinfluencepolysomnographicparameters(Fratelloetal.,2005).SomeThereareanumbero

7、fpublishedstudiesexaminingtheuseofstudieshavealsocombinedmusicwithrelaxationtherapyormusictopromoterelaxationorinducesleep(Fried,1990a,b;someotherintervention(Fried,1990a,b;LaiandGood,2005),MornhinwegandVoignier,1995;Bonebreak,1996;Levin,1998;makingitdifficulttodrawconc

8、lusionsontheefficacyofmusictoJohnson,2003;Tan,2004;Loewyetal.,2005;LaiandGood,facilitatesleeponset,ortoimprove