Positron Emission Tomography -Physical Background and Applications

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1、PositronEmissionTomography-PhysicalBackgroundandApplicationsvonUwePietrzykHabilitationsschriftzurVorlagebeiderBergischenUniversit¨at-GesamthochschuleWuppertalFachbereichPhysikApril1997revised:Mai2011f¨urmeineElternSummaryPositronEmissionTomography(PET)hasbecomeanessentialtooltostudyregionalp

2、hysiologicalprocessesinhumansandanimals.Besidesitsapplicationinclinicaldiagnoses,PETisregardedasakeytechniqueinneurosciencetoinvestigatethefunctionalarchitectureofthehumanbrain.Italsoprovidesvaluableinformationfortreatmentplanninginoncologyandcardiology.Today’sachievementsinresolvingthesizea

3、ndstateoftumors,thetimecourseofphysiologicalvariablesininfarctedtissueorthelocalizationoffunctionalactivationsarecloselyrelatedtothescanner’sperformance,whichitselfissubjecttolimitations,eitherinherenttothemethodofPET,orduetotechnicaloreconomicalreasons.Inordertoappreciatethecharacteristicfe

4、aturesofPET,thisreportstartswithareviewdescribingthedevelopmentofthetomographictechniques.Thisalsoincludestheconceptsofimagereconstructionfromprojections.ItthenpresentsthephysicalbackgroundandthebasicprinciplesofPET.ThisreportwillalsorelatethecapacityofcurrentPETscannerstotypicalapplications

5、inclinicalresearchandneuroscienceingeneral.SincemanyneurosciencestudieswithPETalsorelyoninformationfromMag-neticResonanceImaging(MRI),whichprovidestheunderlyinganatomy,techniquestoaligntomogramsoriginatingfromdifferentimagingtechniquesarediscussed.Dif-ferentapproacheswillbepresentedinsomedeta

6、ilamongthemareal-timeinteractivetechniquewhichcanbeuniversallyappliedtovarioustypesofmedicalimages.Contents1Introduction12TheDevelopmentofTomography42.1IntroductiontotheBasicsofImaging-DefinitionofTomograms...42.2EarlierApproachesinTomography...................62.3CategoriesofTomographicTechn

7、iques.................72.4ImageReconstructionbyLinearSuperpositionofBackProjections..82.5X-rayComputedTomography......................92.6EmissionComputedTomographywithSinglePhotonsandPositrons.112.7NuclearMagneticResonanceImaging..................