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1、ProspectsofphotoacoustictomographyaLihongV.WangOpticalImagingLaboratory,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,CampusBox1097,OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,Missouri63130-4899Received8August2008;revised10October2008;acceptedforpu
2、blication15October2008;published19November2008Commerciallyavailablehigh-resolutionthree-dimensionalopticalimagingmodalitiesincludingconfocalmicroscopy,two-photonmicroscopy,andopticalcoherencetomographyhavefundamen-tallyimpactedbiomedicine.Unfortunatel
3、y,suchtoolscannotpenetratebiologicaltissuedeeperthantheopticaltransportmeanfreepath1mmintheskin.Photoacoustictomography,whichcom-binesstrongopticalcontrastandhighultrasonicresolutioninasinglemodality,hasbrokenthroughthisfundamentaldepthlimitationand
4、achievedsuperdepthhigh-resolutionopticalimaging.Inparallel,radiofrequency-ormicrowave-inducedthermoacoustictomographyisbeingactivelyde-velopedtocombineradiofrequencyormicrowavecontrastwithultrasonicresolution.InthisVision20/20article,theprospectsofphot
5、oacoustictomographyareenvisagedinthefollowingaspects:1photoacousticmicroscopyofopticalabsorptionemergingasamainstreamtechnology,2melanomadetectionusingphotoacousticmicroscopy,3photoacousticendoscopy,4simulta-neousfunctionalandmolecularphotoacou
6、stictomography,5photoacoustictomographyofgeneexpression,6Dopplerphotoacoustictomographyforflowmeasurement,7photoacoustictomog-raphyofmetabolicrateofoxygen,8photoacousticmappingofsentinellymphnodes,9multi-scalephotoacousticimaginginvivowithcomm
7、onsignalorigins,10simultaneousphotoacousticandthermoacoustictomographyofthebreast,11photoacousticandthermoacoustictomographyofthebrain,and12low-backgroundthermoacousticmolecularimaging.©2008AmericanAs-sociationofPhysicistsinMedicine.DOI:10.1118/
8、1.3013698Keywords:microscopy,melanomadetection,endoscopy,functionalimaging,molecularimaging,reportergeneimaging,Dopplereffect,metabolicrateofoxygen,sentinellymphnodes,multiscaleimaging,thermoacoustictomography,breastimaging,brainimagin