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1、DoTradeAgreementsStimulateInternationalTradeDifferently?Evidencefrom296TradeAgreements1TristanKohl,StevenBrakman&HarryGarretsenThisversion:October16,2014AbstractInaseminalpaper,Rose(2004)foundthattheassumedpositiveimpactoftheWTOoninternationaltradewasque
2、stionable.Thisfindinghasbeenscrutinisedandmodifiedinsubsequentresearch,usingdifferentdatasets,econometricmethodsandseparatingtheWTOfromotherformsoftradeagreements.Akeycharacteristicofthesubsequentliteratureistherathersimplisticwayinwhichtradeagreementsar
3、etreatedwherebyalltradeagreementsarelumpedtogether.Tradeagreementscome,however,inmanydifferentformsandshapes.Thispaperaddressesthesedifferencesintradeagreements.Usingauniquedatabaseof296tradeagreements,wedistinguish17trade-relatedpolicydomainsandindicate
4、whethertheagreementscontainlegallyenforceablecommitments.Thisextensiveandnoveltaxonomyoftradeagreementsenablesustoallowforthepossibleheterogeneityoftheimpactoftradeagreementsoninternationaltrade.Usingagravitymodel,wefindthattradeagreementheterogeneityind
5、eedmattersforinternationaltrade,andthatcountriesexperiencesignificanttradeincreasesduetocomprehensivetradeagreementsevenifnotallparticipantsareintheWTO.Keywords:tradeagreements;gravitymodel;heterogeneity;internationaltrade(JEL:F13,F15).1Correspondingauth
6、or,t.kohl@rug.nl.TristanKohl,StevenBrakman,HarryGarretsen:FacultyofEconomicsandBusiness,UniversityofGroningen,P.O.Box800,9700AVGroningen,TheNetherlands.Theauthorsthankananonymousreferee,RobAlessie,JeffBergstrand,PetervanBergeijk,JamesLake,CharlesvanMarre
7、wijk,InmaMartínez-ZarzosoandparticipantsattheInternationalWorkshoponMeasuringGlobalisation(Maastricht,November2012),AnnualConferenceonPoliticalEconomyandInternationalOrganisations(Mannheim,February2013),WorkshoponTradeAgreements(Leuven,March2014)andEurop
8、eanTradeStudyGroup(Munich,September2014)forhelpfulcomments.11.IntroductionTradeagreements(TAs)arebecominganincreasinglypopularpolicyinstrumenttoregulateinternationaleconomicintegration.TherulesoftheWorldTradeOrganisation(W
