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1、Chapter2InternationalandRegionalAgreementsInternationalandRegionalAgreementsAffectingTradeAffectingTradeTHEGATTANDWTOTheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)wasestablishedin1945asaprovisionalagreementpendingthecreationofanInternationalTradeOrganization(ITO).TheITOdraftcharter,whichwasther
2、esultoftradenegotiationsattheHavanaConferenceof1948,nevercameintobeingduetothefailureoftheU.S.Congresstoapproveit.OthercountriesalsodeclinedtoproceedwiththeITOwithouttheparticipationoftheUnitedStates.Thus,theGATTcontinuedtofillthevacuumasadefactotradeorganization,withcodesofconductforintern
3、ationaltradebutwithalmostnobasicconstitutiondesignedtoregulateitsinternationalactivitiesandprocedures.TheGATT,intheory,wasnotan“organization,”andparticipat-ingnationswerecalled“contractingparties”andnotmembers(Jackson,1992;HoekmanandKostecki,1995).Sinceitsinception,theGATThasusedcertainpoli
4、ciestoreducetradebarriersbetweencontractingparties(CPs):•Nondiscrimination:AllCPsmustbetreatedinthesamewaywithrespecttoimport-exportdutiesandcharges.Accordingtothemostfavorednationtreatment,eachCPmustgranttoeveryotherCPthemost-favorabletarifftreatmentthatitgrantstoanycountrywithre-specttoim
5、portsandexportsofproducts.Certainexceptions,how-ever,areallowed,suchasfreetradeareas,customsunions,orotherpreferentialarrangementsinfavorofdevelopingnations.Onceim-portshaveclearedcustoms,aCPisrequiredtotreatforeignimportsthesamewayasittreatssimilardomesticproducts(thenationaltreat-mentstan
6、dard).Export-ImportTheory,Practices,andProcedures,SecondEdition1920EXPORT-IMPORTTHEORY,PRACTICES,ANDPROCEDURES•Tradeliberalization:TheGATThasbeenanimportantforumfortradenegotiations.IthassponsoredperiodicconferencesamongCPstoreducetradebarriers(seeInternationalPerspective2.1).TheUruguayRoun
7、d(1986-1993)gaverisetotheestablishmentofaperma-nenttradeorganization(WorldTradeOrganizationorWTO).Themostrecentround(theDohaRound)hopestoreachagreementonothertradedistortions,suchasagriculturalsubsidiesandtradebarriersim-posedbydevelopingcountriesonimpor
