Including the Stakeholders

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1、IncludingtheStakeholders:TheBusinessCaseDavidWheelerandMariaSillanpO0TheBusinessCaseforStakeholderInclusionManagementTheoryandPracticeintheIndustrialEraTheeffectivemanagementofbusinessissuessuchasproductquality,learning(knowledgetransfer)andenvironmentalprotectionmaybeachievedin

2、oneoftwoways.Theymaybedonetopdown,basedonthedevelopmentofdetailedprocessprescriptionsandindividualjobspecificationsandaccomplishedwithina'commandandcontrol'framework.Alter-nativelytheymaybemanagedinaspiritofcon-tinuousimprovement,whereallparticipantsmaychallengerulesandnorms,lea

3、rnfromfailureandinventnewwaysofworking.TheJapaneserefertothisasKaizen.Inthemostsuccessfulcompanies,acultureofcreative,continuousimprovementdoesnotabolishtheneedforcontrolsystemsandmanuals,butabsoluterelianceisnolongerplacedonthem.ThescientificmanagementtheoriesofFrederickWinslow

4、Taylorwerebasedonabeliefthatinthenewlymechanisedindustriesoftheearly20thcen-turyefficiencyflowedfromprecisioninjobdesign,cleardivisionofresponsibilitiesandtightpolicingofimplementation.1Taylorism(anditsindustrialapotheosisFordism)waswhollyconsistentwithnotionsoftheorganisationas

5、a'militarymachine'firstdevelopedbyFredericktheGreatofPrussiaandlaterrefinedbyHenriFayol.2TaylorismalsoembracedtheoriesofdivisionoflabourfirstexpoundedbyAdamSmithinthecontextofhisMechanisationandtopdowncontrolofoutputandmythicalpinfactory.Ineachcasethecustomerisqualityledtomassiv

6、eincreasesinproductivityinsimplyaconsumerandtheworkerjustacoginacertainindustries,butthehumancostwassignificant.machine.AtonepointHenryFord'sassemblylineshadanDuringtheearly20thcentury,theresultsofannualemployeeturnoverof380%.PopularcultureimplementingtheTaylormodelwereprofound.

7、reflectedtheproblem:film-makersFritzLangandPergamonLongRangePlanning,Vol.31,No.2,pp.201to210,1998PII:S0024-6301(98)00004-1©1998ElsevierScienceLtd.AllrightsreservedPrintedinGreatBritain0024-6301/98$19.00*0.00CharlieChaplinconjureddepressinglypowerfulenon.Themodernco-operativemove

8、mentwas,afterimagesofthedrudgeofassemblylinepro