《(最新)贸易和环境问题trade》

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1、TradeandenvironmentIsfreetradeanti-environment?Freetrademakesenvironmentalproblemsworsecasesoftheopposite:----environmentalpoliciesthatlimitordistorttraderesultinenvironmentaldamage;----environmentaleffectsofgovernmentpoliciesthatprotectdomesticagriculture;----freertradeincapi

2、talequipmentwithenvironmentalfriendlytechnologiesandinenvironmentalservicesIsfreetradeanti-environment?Freetradepermitsproductiontobeshiftedtocountriesthathavelaxenvironmentalstandardstheeffectsaresmall.--coststofirmsofmeetingenvironmentalprotectionregulationsareusu.small;--fe

3、arsofunexpectedliabilitiesincasesofaccidents,generalriskstocorporatereputationsfromappearingtocauseexcessiveharmtotheenvironment,andthecostsofmeetingmorestringentregulationsinthefutureIsfreetradeanti-environment?Effectsbroughtbyfreertrade--compositioneffect;--largersizeoftheec

4、onomy;--higherincomeIsfreetradeanti-environment?Threebasicpatternsofcombinedsize-incomeeffect(figure12.1)--Environmentalharmdeclineswithrisingincomeperperson;--environmentalharmriseswithrisingincomeperperson;--TherelationshipisaninvertedU.Isfreetradeanti-environment?Environmen

5、taleffectsoftheUruguayRound(figure12.2)--compositioneffects;--sizeandincomeeffects;Theactualeffectsvarybycountryandbypollutant.Theoveralleffectsfortheworldaregenerallysmall.Isfreetradeanti-environment?Summary--Freetradeisnotinherentlyanti-environment.--Relocationofproductionto

6、avoidstringentenvironmentalstandardsissmall.--Shiftstowardsfreertradecauseavarietyofchanges,buttheneteffectsonoverallpollutionusu.Seemtobesmall.IstheWTOanti-environment?Agovernmentthattakesactionstocontrolenvironmentaldamagecausedbyitsownfirms’productionisnotviolatingWTOrules.

7、IstheWTOanti-environment?Twoenvironmentalexceptionstothecaseforfreetrade:--necessarytoprotecthuman,animal,orplantlifeorhealth;--relatingtotheconservationofexhaustiblenaturalresourcesifsuchmeasuresaremadeeffectiveinconjunctionwithrestrictionsondomesticproductionorconsumption.Is

8、theWTOanti-environment?Threeimportanttypesofpoliciesthatmayqu