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1、PossibilityofTrueArtificialIntelligenceWeakAI:CanmachinesactintelligentlyArtificialintelligencepursuedwithinthecultofcomputationalismstandsnotevenaghostofachanceofproducingdurableresults…itistimetodiverttheeffortsofAIresearchers-andtheconsiderablemoniesmadeavailableforth
2、eirsupport-intoavenuesotherthanthecomputationalapproach.(Sayre,Threemoreflawsinthecomputationalmodel.PaperpresentedattheAPA(CentralDivision)AnnualConference,1993)WeakAI:CanmachinesactintelligentlyImpossibilityofAIdependsonitsdefinitionAIisthequestforthebestagentprogramon
3、agivenarchitecture.Clearlypossible.AImakesmachinesthink.Anunder-specifiedproblemsTuringTest:AnexperimentalanswerWeakAI:CanmachinesactintelligentlyDisabilityObjectionTuringlists:Machinescannever…Bekind,resourceful,beautiful,friendly,haveinitiative,haveasenseofhumor,tellri
4、ghtfromwrong,makemistakes,fallinlove,enjoystrawberriesandcream,makesomeonefallinlovewithit,learnfromexperience,usewordsproperly,bethesubjectofitsownthought,haveasmuchdiversityofbehaviorasman,dosomethingreallynew.Howhasthisargumenthelduphistorically?Computerscanplaychess,
5、checkspelling,steercarsandhelicopters,diagnosediseases,…Computershavemadesmall,butsignificantdiscoveriesinmathematics,chemistry,mineralogy,biology,computerscience,…Algorithmsperformathumanorbetterlevelinsomeareasinvolvinghumanjudgement:PaulMeehl,1955:Statisticallearninga
6、lgorithmoutperformexpertswhenpredictingsuccessofstudentsinatrainingprogramorrecidivismofcriminalsGMATgradesessaysautomaticallysince1999.WeakAI:CanmachinesactintelligentlyMathematicalobjectionCertainmathematicalquestionsareinprincipleunanswerablebyaparticularformalsystem.
7、Gödel(1931),Turing(1936)FormalaxiomaticsystemFpowerfulenoughtodoarithmeticallowsconstructionofGödelsentencesG(F)G(F)issentenceofF,butcannotbeprovedwithinFIfFisconsistent,thenG(F)istrueLucas(1961):MachineareformalsystemshencetheyarenotcapableofderivingGödelsentenceswhileh
8、umanshavenosuchlimitationPenrose(1989,1994):Humansaredifferentbecausetheirbrainsoperatebyquantumgravity
