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1、ScienceasaVocationbyMaxWeberPublishedas"WissenschaftalsBeruf,"GesammlteAufsaetzezurWissenschaftslehre(Tubingen,1922),pp.524-55.OriginallyaspeechatMunichUniversity,1918,publishedin1919byDuncker&Humblodt,Munich.FromH.H.GerthandC.WrightMills(Translatedandedited),FromMaxWebe
2、r:EssaysinSociology,pp.129-156,NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1946.Youwishmetospeakabout'ScienceasaVocation.'Now,wepoliticaleconomistshaveapedanticcustom,whichIshouldliketofollow,ofalwaysbeginningwiththeexternalconditions.Inthiscase,webeginwiththequestion:Whatarethecondit
3、ionsofscienceasavocationinthematerialsenseoftheterm?Todaythisquestionmeans,practicallyandessentially:Whataretheprospectsofagraduatestudentwhoisresolvedtodedicatehimselfprofessionallytoscienceinuniversitylife?InordertounderstandthepeculiarityofGermanconditionsitisexpedien
4、ttoproceedbycomparisonandtorealizetheconditionsabroad.Inthisrespect,theUnitedStatesstandsinthesharpestcontrastwithGermany,soweshallfocusuponthatcountry.EverybodyknowsthatinGermanythecareeroftheyoungmanwhoisdedicatedtosciencenormallybeginswiththepositionofPrivatdozent.Aft
5、erhavingconversedwithandreceivedtheconsentoftherespectivespecialists,hetakesupresidenceonthebasisofabookand,usually,aratherformalexaminationbeforethefacultyoftheuniversity.Thenhegivesacourseoflectureswithoutreceivinganysalaryotherthanthelecturefeesofhisstudents.Itisuptoh
6、imtodetermine,withinhisvenialegendi,thetopicsuponwhichhelectures.IntheUnitedStatestheacademiccareerusuallybeginsinquiteadifferentmanner,namely,byemploymentasan'assistant.'ThisissimilartothegreatinstitutesofthenaturalscienceandmedicalfacultiesinGermany,whereusuallyonlyafr
7、actionoftheassistantstrytohabilitatethemselvesasPrivatdozentenandoftenonlylaterintheircareer.Practically,thiscontrastmeansthatthecareeroftheacademicmaninGermanyisgenerallybaseduponplutocraticprerequisites.Foritisextremelyhazardousforayoungscholarwithoutfundstoexposehimse
8、lftotheconditionsoftheacademiccareer.Hemustbeabletoendurethisconditionforatleastanumberofyearswithoutkn