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1、IV.PoliticsasaVocation'PolitikalsBeruf,'GesammeltePolitischeSchriften(Muenchen,l921),pp.396-450.OriginallyaspeechatMunichUniversity,1918,publishedin1919byDuncker&Humblodt,Munich.Thislecture,whichIgiveatyourrequest,willnecessarilydisappointyouinanumberofways.Yo
2、uwillnaturallyexpectmetotakeapositiononactualproblemsoftheday.Butthatwillbethecaseonlyinapurelyformalwayandtowardtheend,whenIshallraisecertainquestionsconcerningthesignificanceofpoliticalactioninthewholewayoflife.Intoday'slecture,allquestionsthatrefertowhatpol
3、icyandwhatcontentoneshouldgiveone'spoliticalactivitymustbeeliminated.Forsuchquestionshavenothingtodowiththegeneralquestionofwhatpoliticsasavocationmeansandwhatitcanmean.Nowtooursubjectmatter.Whatdoweunderstandbypolitics?Theconceptisextremelybroadandcomprisesan
4、ykindofindependentleadershipinaction.Onespeaksofthecurrencypolicyofthebanks,ofthediscountingpolicyoftheReichsbank,ofthestrikepolicyofatradeunion;onemayspeakoftheeducationalpolicyofamunicipalityoratownship,ofthepolicyofthepresidentofavoluntaryassociation,and,fi
5、nally,evenofthepolicyofaprudentwifewhoseekstoguideherhusband.Tonight,ourreflectionsare,ofcourse,notbaseduponsuchabroadconcept.Wewishtounderstandbypoliticsonlytheleadership,ortheinfluencingoftheleadership,ofapoliticalassociation,hencetoday,ofastate.Butwhatisa'p
6、olitical'associationfromthesociologicalpointofview?Whatisa'state'?Sociologically,thestatecannotbedefinedintermsofitsends.Thereisscarcelyanytaskthatsomepoliticalassociationhasnottakeninhand,andthereisnotaskthatonecouldsayhasalwaysbeenexclusiveandpeculiartothose
7、associationswhicharedesignatedaspoliticalones:todaythestate,orhistorically,thoseassociationswhichhavebeenthepredecessorsofthemodernstate.Ultimately,onecandefinethemodernstatesociologicallyonlyintermsofthespecificmeanspeculiartoit,astoeverypoliticalassociation,
8、namely,theuseofphysicalforce.'Everystateisfoundedonforce,'saidTrotskyatBrest-Litovsk.Thatisindeedright.Ifnosocialinstitutionsexistedwhichknewtheuseofviolence,thentheconceptof'state
