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1、ProgrammaticSurveillanceandFISA:OfNeedlesinHaystacksWilliamC.BanksBeginningin1978,theForeignIntelligenceSurveillanceAct'(FISA)authorizedthemeansforelectroniccollectionofforeignintelligencethatservedthenationwellformanyyears.Thebasicideawassimple.Govem-mentmayconductintrusiveelectroni
2、csurveillanceofAmericansorotherslawfullyintheUnitedStateswithouttraditionalprobablecausetobelievethattheyhadcommittedacrimeifitcoulddemonstratetoaspecialArti-cleIIIcourtthatithadadifferentkindofprobablecause:reasontobelievethattargetsofsurveillanceareactingonbehalfofforeignpowers.^Ov
3、ertime,FISAwasamendedseveraltimestoextenditsprocedurestoconductphysicalsearches,^monitorsuspectedlone-wolfterrorists,''andaccommodateevolvingthreats.^Overthelastdecade,criticshavearguedthatthepatchwork-likearchitectureofFISAhasbecometoorigid,complicated,andunforgivingtoenableeffectiv
4、eintelligenceresponsestocrises.*Thecomputerizationofcommunicationsthathassoenrichedourcapabilitieshasalsofacilitated*Director,InstituteforNationalSecurityandCounterterrorism;BoardofAdvisorsDistinguishedProfessor,SyracuseUniversityCollegeofLaw;ProfessorofPublicAdministration,MaxwellSc
5、hoolofCitizenship&PublicAffairs,SyracuseUniversity.TheauthorthanksSpikeBowman,StephenDycus,AlexanderJoel,PeterRaven-Hansen,KimTaipale,andtheparticipantsintheTexasLawReviewSymposium:LawattheIntersectionofNationalSecurity,Privacy,andTechnology,Feb.4-6,2010,forcommentsonadraftofthisarti
6、cle.TheauthoralsothanksAndreaMasselli,SyracuseUniversityCollegeofLaw,J.D.2010,forexcellentresearchassistance.1.ForeignIntelligenceSurveillanceActof1978,Pub.L.No.95-511,92Stat.1783(codifiedasamendedinscatteredtitlesofU.S.C).2.Id.§105(a)(codifiedat50U.S.C.§1805(a)).3.IntelligenceAuthor
7、izationActforFiscalYear1995,Pub.L.No.103-359,sec.807,§§301-309,108Stat.3423,3443-53(codifiedasamendedat50U.S.C.§§1821-1829).4.IntelligenceReformandTerrorismPreventionActof2004,Pub.L.No.108-458,§6001(a),118Stat.3638,3742(codifiedasamendedat50U.S.C.§1801(b)(l)(C)).5.SeeFISA§105(b)(2)(B
8、)(requiringa
