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1、DataImbalanceinSurveillanceofNosocomialInfectionsGillesCohen1,M´elanieHilario2,HugoSax3,andSt´ephaneHugonnet31MedicalInformaticsDivision,UniversityHospitalofGeneva,1211Geneva,SwitzerlandGilles.Cohen@dim.hcuge.ch2ArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,UniversityofGeneva,1211Geneva,SwitzerlandMelanie.Hil
2、ario@cui.unige.ch3DepartmentofInternalMedicine,UniversityHospitalofGeneva,1211Geneva,Switzerland{Hugo.Sax,Stephane.Hugonnet@hcuge.ch}Abstract.Animportantproblemthatarisesinhospitalsisthemoni-toringanddetectionofnosocomialorhospitalacquiredinfections(NIs).Thispaperdescribesaretrospectiveanalysiso
3、faprevalencesurveyofNIsdoneintheGenevaUniversityHospital.OurgoalistoidentifypatientswithoneormoreNIsonthebasisofclinicalandotherdatacollectedduringthesurvey.Inthisclassificationtask,themaindifficultyresidesinthesignificantimbalancebetweenpositiveorinfected(11%)andnegative(89%)cases.Toremedyclassimba
4、lance,weproposeanovelapproachinwhichbothoversamplingofrarepositivesandundersamplingofthenoninfectedmajorityrelyonsyntheticcasesgeneratedviaclass-specificsubclustering.Experimentshaveshownthisapproachtoberemarkablymoreeffectivethanclassicalrandomresamplingmethods.1IntroductionSurveillanceisthecorne
5、rstoneactivityofinfectioncontrol,whethernosocomial4orotherwise.Itprovidesdatatoassessthemagnitudeoftheproblem,detectoutbreaks,identifyriskfactorsforinfection,targetcontrolmeasuresonhigh-riskpatientsorwards,orevaluatepreventionprograms.Ultimately,thegoalofsurveillanceistodecreaseinfectionriskandc
6、onsequentlyimprovepatients’safety.Thereareseveralwaystoperformsurveillance,eachmethodhavingitsad-vantagesanddrawbacks.Thegoldstandardishospital-wideprospectivesurveil-lance,whichconsistsinreviewingonadailybasisallavailableinformationonallhospitalizedpatientsinordertodetectallnosocomialinfections
7、.Thismethodislabor-intensive,infeasibleatahospitallevel,andcurrentlyrecommendedonly4Anosocomialinfectionisadiseasethatdevelopsafterapatient’sadmissiontothehospitalandistheconsequenceoftreatment—notnecessarilysurgical—orworkb
