Markedness-Reduction and Preservation in Phonology-Paul de Lacy

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1、ThispageintentionallyleftblankMARKEDNESS‘Markedness’referstothetendencyoflanguagestoshowapreferenceforparticularstructuresorsounds.Thisbiastowards‘unmarked’elementsisconsistentwithinandacrosslanguages,andtellsusagreatdealaboutwhatlanguagescanandcannotdo.Thispioneeringstudypresentsagr

2、oundbreakingtheoryofmarkednessinphonology.DeLacyarguesthatmarkednessispartofourlinguisticCompetence,andisdeterminedbythreeconflictingmecha-nismsinthebrain:(a)pressuretopreservemarkedsounds(‘preservation’),(b)pressuretoturnmarkedsoundsintounmarkedsounds(‘reduction’),and(c)amechanismall

3、owingthedistinctionbetweenmarkedandunmarkedsoundstobecollapsed(‘conflation’).Heshowsthat,duetothesemechanisms,markednessoccursonlywhenpreservationisirrelevant.Drawingonexamplesofphenomenasuchasepenthesis,neutralization,assimilation,vowelreduc-tion,andsonority-drivenstress,Markednessof

4、fersanimportantnewinsightintothisessentialconceptintheunderstandingofhumanlanguage.pauldelacyisAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofLinguistics,RutgersUniversity.Hehascontributedtoawiderangeofbooksandjournals,andiseditoroftheforthcomingCambridgeHandbookofPhonology(tobepublishedbyCambri

5、dgeUniversityPress,2006).Inthisseries73johna.hawkins:Aperformancetheoryoforderandconstituency74alicec.harrisandlylecampbell:Historicalsyntaxincross-linguisticperspective75lilianehaegeman:Thesyntaxofnegation76paulgorrel:Syntaxandparsing77guglielmocinque:Italiansyntaxanduniversalgramma

6、r78henrysmith:Restrictivenessincasetheory79d.robertladd:Intonationalmorphology80andreamoro:Theraisingofpredicates:predicativenounphrasesandthetheoryofclausestructure81rogerlass:Historicallinguisticsandlanguagechange82johnm.anderson:Anotionaltheoryofsyntacticcategories83berndheine:Pos

7、session:cognitivesources,forcesandgrammaticalization84nomierteschik-shir:Thedynamicsoffocusstructure85johncoleman:Phonologicalrepresentations:theirnames,formsandpowers86christinay.bethin:Slavicprosody:languagechangeandphonologicaltheory87barbaradancygier:Conditionalsandprediction88cl

8、airelefebvre