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1、ThreePEOPLE—HAVINGdiscussedthestory—thatsimpleandfundamentalaspectofthenovel—wecanturntoamoreinterestingtopic:theactors.Weneednotaskwhathappenednext,buttowhomdidithappen;thenovelistwillbeappealingtoourintelligenceandimagination,notmerelytoourcuriosity.Anewemphasisentershisvoice:emphasisuponvalue.S
2、incetheactorsinastoryareusuallyhuman,itseemedconvenienttoentitlethisaspectPeople.Otheranimalshavebeenintroduced,butwithlimitedsuccess,forweknowtoolittlesofarabouttheirpsychology.Theremaybe,probablywillbe,analterationhereinthefuture,comparabletothealterationinthenovelist'srenderingofsavagesinthepas
3、t.ThegulfthatseparatesManFridayfromBatoualamaybeparalleledbythegulfthatwillseparateKipling'swolvesfromtheirliterarydescendantstwohundredyearshence,andweshallhaveanimalswhoareneithersymbolic,norlittlemendisguised,norasfour-leggedtablesmoving,noraspaintedscrapsofpaperthatfly.Itisoneofthewayswheresci
4、encemayenlargethenovel,bygiving43ASPECTSOFTHENOVELitfreshsubject-matter.Butthehelphasnotbeengivenyet,anduntilitcomeswemaysaythattheactorsinastoryare,orpretendtobe,humanbeings.Sincethenovelistishimselfahumanbeing,thereisanaffinitybetweenhimandhissubject-matterwhichisabsentinmanyotherformsofart.Theh
5、istorianisalsolinked,though,asweshallsee,lessintimately.Thepainterandsculptorneednotbelinked:thatistosaytheyneednotrepresenthumanbeingsunlesstheywish,nomoreneedthepoet,whilethemusiciancannotrepresentthemevenifhewishes,withoutthehelpofaprogramme.Thenovelist,unlikemanyofhiscolleagues,makesupanumbero
6、fword-massesroughlydescribinghimself(roughly:nicetiesshallcomelater),givesthemnamesandsex,assignsthemplausiblegestures,andcausesthemtospeakbytheuseofinvertedcommas,andperhaptobehaveconsistently.Theseword-massesarehischaracters.Theydonotcomethuscoldlytohismind,theymaybecreatedindeliriousexcitement;
7、still,theirnatureisconditionedbywhatheguessesaboutotherpeople,andabouthimself,andisfurthermodifiedbytheotheraspectsofhiswork.Thislastpoint—therelationofcharacterstotheotheraspectsofthenovel—willformthesubjectofaf
