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1、MALICEINTHELAWOFTORTSIMR.JUBTICEMCCARDIEoncecomplainedabouttheword“malice”thatithadbeenthesubjectof“aregrettableexuberanceofdefinition.”’Therecanbelittledoubtthatthiscomplaintwasjustified.Despitethewell-knowndivisionanddiscussionbyBayleyJ.of“maliceinfact”and“mal
2、iceinlaw,”’whichcanbetakenasthestartingpointofmodernanalysisofmalice,otherjudgeshavenothesitatedtoenlargeuponthepossiblemeaningsofmalice,untilitseemsthattheremustbejudicialauthorityforanyoralmostanymeaningthatawriterwishestoattributetotheword.However,thesevariou
3、sinterpretationscanbegroupedunderfourmainheadings:(1)spiteorill-will;(2)anyimpropermotive;(8)theintenttodoawrongfulact;(4)theintenttoinflictinjurywithoutjustcauseorexcuse.Theuseof“malice”tomeanspiteorill-willisearly.Itisquiteclearthatinthissensethewordisbeinguse
4、dcolloquially,notasatermofart.“Maliceincommonacceptance,”saidParkerC.J.in1718’“isadesireofrevengeorsettledangeragainstaparticularperson.”Ahundredyearslater,inafamouspassageinBromagev.Prosser,BayleyJ.calledthis‘‘maliceinfact”andsaiditmeant“ill-willagainstaperson.
5、”TheeffectoflaterauthoritieswassummedupbyMcCardieJ.’sexpression“vindic-tivefeeling.”Whenusedinthissense,therefore,maliceinvolvedthedesiretosatisfyapersonalgrudgeandtherebytobenefitthepersonwhoactedfrommalice.Buttheolderideaofvengeance,whichasjustseeninvolvedatle
6、astemotionalbenefittothemaliciousperson,tendedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturytobecomeabsorbedinabroadernotionofanymotivewhichwasregardedasundesirablebythecourtsofapprovalandencouragement.Asaresult,“malice”cametomeananyimpropermotive.ToquoteMcCardieJ.onceag
7、ain,‘‘thejurist...enlargedthelayman’snotionofmalice.”’Thusin1858itwassaidthattherewas‘‘expressmalice”whereapartyanimatedbyadesireforvengeanceorotherbadpassion,choosestoinflictinjuryonanotherperson.LordCampbell’spoke1Br.Rly.TrafficandElectricCo.,Ltd.v.C.R.C.CO.,L
8、td.[l022]2K.B.260ntp.268.2BromagcV.Proaaer(1825)4B.&C.247.3Joneav.Gioin(1713)Gilb.185.4Prattv.B.M.A.[1919]1K.B.244ntpp.275-276.6Ibid.6ReNolan(1853)22L.T.(0.8.)108.7Di
