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1、MoralAnimalsHumanBeingsandtheOtherAnimalsChristineM.KorsgaardHarvardUniversitySympathybeyondtheconfinesofman,thatis,humanitytotheloweranimals,seemstobeoneofthelatestmoralacquisitions.Itisapparentlyunfeltbysavages,excepttowardstheirpets…1-CharlesDarwin,TheDescentof
2、ManHumanethicalpracticesandattitudeswithrespecttotheotheranimalsexhibitacuriousinstability.Ontheonehand,mostpeoplebelievethatitiswrongtoinflicttormentordeathonanon-humananimalforatrivialreason.Skinningacatorsettingitonfirebywayofajuvenileprankisoneofthestandardexa
3、mplesofobviouswrongdoinginthephilosophicalliterature.Liketorturinginfants,itisthekindofexamplethatphilosophersusewhenwearelookingforsomethingethicallyuncontroversial,sothatdisputesabouttheexamplewon’tgetinthewayofthepoint2wearetryingtomake.Ontheotherhand,humanbein
4、gshavetraditionallycountednearlyanyreasonwemighthaveforhurtingorkillinganimals,shortofmaliciousenjoyment,asnon-trivialandsufficient.Wekillnon-humananimals,andsometimesinflictpainonthem,becausewewanttoeatthem,becausewecanmakeusefulproductsoutofthem,becausewecanlear
5、nfromexperimentingonthem,and1Princetonedition,p.1012Forjustafewrandomlychosenexamples,seeSimonBlackburn,EssaysinQuasi-Realism(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1993),p.160;GilbertHarman,TheNatureofMorality(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1977,p.7;PeterGeach,“Assertion,”
6、PhilosophicalReview74,1965,p.463.MoralAnimalsHumanBeingsandtheOtherAnimalsChristineM.Korsgaardp.2becausetheyinterferewithagricultureorgardeningorinotherwaysarepests.Wealsokillthem,andsometimesinflictpainonthem,forsport–inhunting,fishing,cockfighting,dogfighting,bu
7、llfighting,andsoon.Wemayevenkillthembecause,havingdonesomesortofusefulworkforus,theyhaveoutlivedtheirusefulnessandarenowcostingusmoney.Uneasilybalancedbetweenthesetwoapparentextremesofattitudeistheconviction,commontosomanypeople,thatwhenwedouseanimalsforourownpurp
8、oses,weshouldtreatthemashumanely“aspossible.”Theeatingshouldgoon,buttheanimalsshouldbekeptinpleasantconditionsandkilledhumanely;theexperimentsshouldgoon
