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1、文学术语定义Heroiccouplet(英雄双行体):arhymedpairofiambicpentameter(五步抑扬格)lines.BlankVerse(无韵诗):Versecomposedofunrhymediambicpentameter.Tragedy:aseriousplay(or,byextension,anovel)representingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharacter,theprotagonist.TheGreekphilosopherAristotl
2、eputforwardhismostinfluentialdefinitionoftragedyinhisPoetics(4thcenturyBC):theimitationofanactionthatisseriousandcomplete,achievingacatharsis(“purification”)throughincidentsarousingpityandterror.Tragicflaw:thedefectofcharacterthatbringsabouttheprotagonist’sdownfa
3、llinatragedy:Othello’sjealousyisafamousexample.TheideaofthetragicflawinvolvesanarrowingandpersonalizingofthebroaderGreekconceptof“hamartia”(‘error’or‘failure’).Sonnetlyricpoemcomprising14rhyminglinesofequallength:iambicpentametersinEnglish,alexandrines(亚历山大诗行,含6个
4、抑扬格音步)inFrench,hendeca-syllables(11音节)inItalian.Therhymeschemesofthesonnetfollowtwobasicpatterns.(1)TheItalianSonnet(Petrarchansonnet)comprisesofan8-lineoctaveof2quatrains,rhymedabbaabba,followedbya6-linesestetusuallyrhymedcdecdeorcdcdcd.(2)TheEnglishsonnet(alsoc
5、alledtheShakespeareansonnetafteritsforemostpractitioner)comprises3quatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.AnimportantvariantofthisisSpenseriansonnet(introducedbytheElizabethanpoetEdmundSpencer),whichlinksthe3quatrainsbyrhyme,inthesequenceababbabacdcdee.In
6、eitherform,the“turn”comeswiththefinalcouplet,whichmaysometimesachievetheneatnessofanepigram(警句).十四行诗,又译“商籁体”,为意大利文sonetto,英文、法文sonnet的音译。欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情诗体。最初流行于意大利,彼特拉克的创作使其臻于完美,又称“彼特拉克体”,后传到欧洲各国。由两节四行诗和两节三行诗组成,每行11个音节,韵式为ABBA,ABBA,后两节六行或两韵变化,或三韵变化。16世纪,经英国莎士比亚的发展,称为
7、“莎士比亚体”或“伊丽莎白体”,由三节四行诗和两行对句组成,每行10个音节,韵式为ABAB,CDCD,EFEF,GG。3.音步(Foot):(Prosody)agroupofsyllablesconstitutingametricalunit.InEnglishpoetryitconsistsofstressedandunstressedsyllables,whileinancientclassicalpoetryitconsistsoflongandshortsyllables英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步
8、。一个音步的音节数量可能为两个或三个音节,但不能少于两个或多于三个音节,而且其中只有一个必须重读。分析英诗的格律就是将它划分成音步,并区分出是何种音步以及计算音步的数量。这种音步划分叫scansion。根据一首英诗组成的音步数量,每一诗行一个音步称“单音步”(monometer);每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(