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1、PrimCareClinOfficePract32(2005)105–132ClinicalExaminationoftheFootandAnkleCraigC.Young,MDa,b,c,*,a,b,c,dMarkW.Niedfeldt,MD,a,ce,fGeorgeA.Morris,MD,KevinJ.Eerkes,MDaDivisionofSportsMedicine,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin,9200WWisconsinAvenue,Milwaukee,WI53226,USAbDepartmentofOrthopaedicS
2、urgery,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin,9200WWisconsinAvenue,Milwaukee,WI53226,USAcDepartmentofFamilyandCommunityMedicine,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin,9200WWisconsinAvenue,Milwaukee,WI53226,USAdDepartmentofCellBiology,Neurobiology,andAnatomy,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin,9200WWisconsinAvenue,Mil
3、waukee,WI53226,USAeDepartmentofSportsMedicine,NewYorkUniversity,726Broadway,4thFloor,NewYork,NY10003-9580,USAfDepartmentofMedicine,NewYorkUniversity,SchoolofMedicine,726Broadway,NewYork,NY10003,USAInhumans,thefootandankleserveastheprimaryinterfacebetweenthegroundandthebodyduringamb
4、ulation.Thisrequiresthatthefootandanklecomplexbeabletoabsorbimpactloadingforces,adapttounevenground,andallowefficientpropulsion.Toaccomplishthistask,thefootandankleareusuallycomposedof26primarybones,notincludingthetibia,fibula,accessorybones,andsesamoidbones.Agoodclinicalexaminationca
5、nsupplementthehistoryandassisttheexaminerinmakingthediagnosisofanyproblem.Becausereproductionofapatient’ssymptomsisthekeytomakingacorrectdiagnosis,thisarticlecorrelatesclinicalanatomyandtestingwithcommoncomplaintsofthefootandankle(Figs.1–4).Stance,gait,andmovementThefootandankleexa
6、minationbeginswithobservingthepatient’smobility,gait,andstance.Theseobservationsarehelpfulindiagnosingfoot*Correspondingauthor.DepartmentofOrthopaedicSurgery,MedicalCollegeofWisconsin,9200WWisconsinAvenue,Milwaukee,WI53226.E-mailaddress:cyoung@mcw.edu(C.C.Young).0095-4543/05/$-seef
7、rontmatterÓ2005ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.002primarycare.theclinics.com106YOUNGetalFig.1.Lateralfootandankle—typicallocationsofinjurysymptomsandselectedanatomicstructures:(A)Jonesfracture;(B)avulsionfractureofthefifthmetatarsal;(C)anteriorankleimpingemen
8、t;(D)anteriortalofibularlig
