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1、1TheEcologyofHumanDevelopmentEXPERIMENTSBYNATUREANDDESIGNUrieBronfenbrennerTothosewhotaughtmemostmyparents,mywife,mychildren,andmygrandchildren2TheEcologyofHumanDevelopmentEXPERIMENTSBYNATUREANDDESIGNUrieBronfenbrennerTothosewhotaughtmemost,myparents,mywife,mychildren,andmygrandchildr
2、en3ForewordGoethe,whocommentedwiselyonsomanyaspectsofhumanexperience,saidofourattemptstounderstandtheworldTothisIwouldadd(supposingthatGoethealsosaidsomethingtothiseffect,butnothavingdiscoveredhisdiscovery)thatideasareonlyasimportantaswhatyoucandowiththem.Democritessupposedthattheworl
3、dwasmadeupofatomicparticles.Asidefromhiserrorinoverlookingtheimplicationsofassumingthatallatomsmoveinthesamedirectionatthesamerate,hisastuteguessabouttheatomicstructureofmatterdidnothavethesameimpactasRutherford'srediscovery(withcloudchamberinhand)in1900.Inshort,anideaisaspowerfulaswh
4、atyoucandowithit.Approximatelyonehundredyearsagoanumberofscholarsbegantothinkthatitwouldbepossibletounderstandhumanpsychologicalprocessesbyconductingexperiments,modeledontheprecisionandexplicit,quantitative,data-analytictechniquesthathadpropelledthephysicalsciencestosuchprominenceinhu
5、manaffairs.WilhelmWundtisusuallygiventhecreditforthisidea,althoughthescienceofpsychologywasbornalmostsimultaneouslyinuniversitieslocatedinGermany,London,Cambridge(Massachusetts),andKazan(U.S.S.R.).Whathasbeenlostinourtextbookaccountsofthehistoryofpsychologyisthefactthatagreatmanyother
6、scholarswhowerearoundwhenpsychologyembracedthelaboratorywerenotespeciallymovedbythenewenterprise.WetendtoforgetthatWundthimselfbelievedthatmanypsychologicalmysterieswerebeyondthereachofexperimentalmethods,abeliefnotalwayssharedbyhismorezealousfollowers.Evenbeforedissensionbegantoappea
7、rintheranksofthosewhofollowedinWundt'spath,moreseriousreservationswerevoicedabouttheutilityoflaboratorytechniquesforexplainingourinnerworkings.WilhelmDiltheywasanearlyandeloquentcriticofWundt's"new"psychology.Dilthey,afterlongdeliberation,concludedthatpsychologyshouldgiveupitsquestfor
8、gener
