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1、1.Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.Pragmaticsisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener(orreader).PragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaningPragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaningPragmaticsisthestudyoftheexpressionofrelativedistance.Pragmaticsisthes
2、tudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms.2.Syntaxisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticforms,howtheyarearrangedinsequence,andwhichsequencesarewell-formed.3.Semanticsisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandentitiesintheworld;thatis,howwordsliterally
3、connecttothings.4.Deixis指示语isatechnicalterm(fromGreek)foroneofthemostbasicthingswedowithutterances.Itmeans‘pointing’vialanguage.Anylinguisticformusedtoaccomplishthis‘pointing’iscalledadeicticexpression.Deicticexpressionsarealsosometimescalledindexicals.Theyareamongthefirstformstobespokenbyveryy
4、oungchildrenandcanbeusedtoindicatepeopleviapersondeixis(suchas,‘me’,‘you’),orlocationviaspatialdeixis(suchas‘here’,‘there’),ortimeviatemporaldeixis(suchas‘now’,‘then’).5.Proximalterms近指aretypicallyinterpretedintermsofthespeaker’slocation,orthedeicticcenter指示中心.‘this’,‘there’,‘now’,‘then’nearspe
5、aker6.Distalterms远指cansimplyindicate‘away’fromspeaker’,but,insomelanguages,canbeusedtodistinguishbetween‘nearaddressee’and‘awayfrombothspeakerandaddressee’.7.Persondeixis人称指示语clearlyoperatesonabasicthree-partdivision,exemplified例证bythepronounsforfirstperson,secondperson,andthirdperson./formsuse
6、dtopointtopeople,“me””you”8.Expressionswhichindicateaddresseehigherstatusaredescribedashonorifics敬语.9.Thediscussionofthecircumstanceswhichleadtothechoiceofoneoftheseformsratherthananotherissometimesdescribedassocialdeixis./formsusedtoindicaterelativesocialstatus10.Adistinctionbetweenformsusedfo
7、rfamiliarversusanon-familiaraddresseeinsomelanguages.ThisisknownastheT/Vdistinction.用复数形态来表示单数敬语，在语言中叫T-Vdistinction。此概念由1960年的学者Brown和Gilman提出，他们将第二人称单数分为两种形态：T形态（T-form）和V形态（V-form），前者在非正式场合、尊称呼卑、关系亲密的人之间使用，后者在正式场合、下级称呼上级、称呼陌生人的
