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1、CHAPTER2
2、PHONETICSTHESOUNDSOFLANGUAGETheStudyoftheSoundsofSpeechThePhoneticAlphabetTheSpeechOrgansTheEnglishConsonantsTheEnglishVowelsSuprasegmentalFeatures1.THESTUDYOFTHESOUNDSOFSPEECHEveryoneisbornwiththenormalcapacitytoautomaticallyandnaturallyacquiretheabilitytolistenandspeaklongbeforethe
3、abilitytoreadandwrite.Speechisthefastestandeasiestmeansofexpressinghumanthoughts.Withoutsound,communicationcanstilltakeplacewithmanualsignse.g.anod,awave,aphotographoradrawing.WhentheEnglishalphabetwasfirstdevised,itsletterswerebasedonthenatureofthesoundsinOldEnglish.1.THESTUDYOFTHESOUNDSOFSPEECH
4、Thespeechsoundsorphonescanbestudiedfromtwopointsofview:thephoneticandphonologicalviews.Phoneticsisthestudyofhowspeechsounds–consonants,vowelsandotherfeatures–aremade,transmitted,andreceived.Phoneticiansaskquestionssuchas:Howarespeechsoundsproduced?Howmanydifferentsoundsdolanguagesuse?Howdoesso
5、undtravelthroughair?Howisitperceivedbyears?Howcanwemeasurespeech?1.THESTUDYOFTHESOUNDSOFSPEECHPhoneticsisdividedintothreemainbranches:AcousticPhonetics–thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryPhonetics–thestudyofthewaypeopleperceivedspeechsoundsArticulatoryPhonetics–thestudyofthew
6、aythevocalorgansareusedtoproducedspeechsounds1.THESTUDYOFTHESOUNDSOFSPEECHPhonologyisthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages,thegeneralpropertiesdisplayedbythesesystems.Unlikephoneticsthatstudiesallpossiblesoundsthathumanvocalorgansmake,phonologystudiesonlythosecontrastsinsoundwhichmakedifferencesofm
7、eaningwithinlanguage.WHYDOLANGUAGELEARNERSHAVETOKNOWTHESOUNDSOFLANGUAGE?Toimproveintelligibility-capabilityofbeingunderstood.•WhatifspeakersofEnglish–nativeandnon-native–speakintheirowndirections?Tocreateafavourableimpressioninsituationse.g.jobinterviews,presentationsTohelpmakepronunciationdistin
8、ctionsandpreventchoosingthewrongspellingTHECIRCLEOFWORLDENGLISH(MCARTHER,1987)THREECIRCLESOFENGLISHES(KACHRU,1988)EFL,egJap,Fr,Ger,Russia,Chi,Egypt,Brazil100-1000mTheExpandingCircleTheOuterCircleESL/E
