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1、Chapter2PhoneticsandPhonologyPart1PhoneticsWhat’sphonetics?Phoneticsisthegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds.1.BranchesofphoneticsSpeechSpeechProductionPerception(speakerA)(speakerB)Athree-stepprocessofspeechsoundsArticulatoryphonetics:thestudyofthep
2、roductionofspeechsounds.发音语音学Acousticphonetics:thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.声学语音学Auditoryphonetics:thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds.听觉语音学OrgansofspeechA.Thepharyngealcavity:13windpipe,12glottis/vocalcords,11pharyngealcavityB.T
3、heoralcavity:1/2lips,3/4teeth,5teethridge(alveolus),6hardpalate,7softpalate(velum),14uvula,8tipoftongue,9bladeoftongue,10backoftongueC.Nasalcavity:15咽腔14152.2.4ClassificationofEnglishSpeechsoundsAdichotomyofEnglishspeechsounds:1.Vowels(20):Speechsoundswhicharep
4、roducedwithnoobstructionwhatsoeverofthevocaltract,sonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.2.Consonants(24):Speechsoundswhichareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity
5、.2.2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants1.Intermsofmannerofarticulation:A.stops/plosives:[p][b][t][d][k][g]B.fricatives:[f,v,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,θ,ð,h]C.affricates(塞擦音):[tʃ,dʒ]D.approximants(通音)：[w,j,r]E.nasals:[m,n,ŋ]F.lateral[l]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants2.Intermo
6、fplaceofarticulation:A.bilabial:[p,b,m,w]B.labiodental:[f,v]C.dental:[θ,ð]D.alveolar(齿龈):[t,d,s,z,n,l,r]E.palatal(硬腭):[ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ,j]F.velar(软腭):[k,g,ŋ]G.glottal(声门):[h]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants3.Intermsofthestateofthevocalcords:A.voiced:consonantsproduce
7、dwhenthevocalcordsareclosed,andtheair-streamcausesthemtovibrateagaineachother.B.voiceless:consonantsproducedwhenvocalcordsareapart,andairpassesthrougheasily.tʃ,dʒ------ClassificationofEnglishvowelsAdichotomy1.Monophthongs:individualvowels2.Diphthongs:vowelswhic
8、hareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.[ei,ai,au,əu,oi,iə,eə,uə]ClassificationofEnglishmonophthongs1.IntermsofthepositionofthetongueA.f
