Chapter 2 Phonology1

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1、Chapter2Phonetics&PhonologyFocuses:1.语音学的定义；三大分支（发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学）；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；元音及辅音的分类。2.音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。2.1Phonetics---Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.II.Phonology2.3P

2、honology2.3.1Phonemes:thephonologicalunitsoflanguage2.3.2Minimalpairsandsets2.3.3Freevariation2.3.4distinctivefeatures2.3.5Syllablesandconsonantsclusters2.3.6SuprasegmentalfeaturesPhonetics&phonologyBothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage---thespeechsounds.

3、Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phonetics&phonologyPhoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonetics&

4、phonologyPhonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phonetics&phonologyPhonologyisthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonetics&phonology音系学研究的是语音系统。换句

5、话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。2.3phonology2.3.1Phonemes:thephonologicalunitsoflanguage2.3.1Phoneme音素(音子）Aphoneme---anyoneofthesetofsmallestunitsofspeechinalanguagethatdistinguishonewordfromanother.2.3.1Phoneme音素(音子）音素是区分单词的最小语音单位。2.3.1Phoneme音素InEnglish,the/s/i

6、nsipandthe/z/inziprepresenttwodifferentphonemes.2.3.1Phoneme音素英语sip中的s和zip中的z是两个不同的音素。Allophone音位变体同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的语音变体。Allophone音位变体e.g.:clear[l]inletanddark[]tellareallophones,theyarethevariantsofthephoneme/l/.Thechoiceofanallophone,thatis,howaphone

7、meisrepresentedbyaphone,isnotrandominmostcases,itisrule-governedbythephoneticcontext.Phoneticsimilarity:Theallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.Eg:[ph,p]arebothvoicelessbilabialstopsdifferingonlyinaspiration.Phonemiccontrast(音位对立):Ifphoneticallys

8、imilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyformaphonemiccontrast(i.e.,theydistinguishmeaning).Phonemiccontrast(音位对立):Eg:/p/and/b/canoccurinthesameenvironments([pin]and[bin])C