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1、PhilosophyandPhenomenologicalResearchPhilosophyandPhenomenologicalResearchÓ2012PhilosophyandPhenomenologicalResearch,LLC1AuthorityandReason-GivingdavidenochHebrewUniversityofJerusalem1.TheProblemofAuthorityArguably,youhaveauthorityoveryour7-year-oldson.Thismeans,perhapsamon
2、gotherthings,thatyoucan,byyourmeresay-so,createdutiesforyourson.Youjusthavetotellhimtogotohisroom,andsuddenlyheisunderadutytogotohisroom,adutythatjustuntilaminuteagohedidnothave.Suddenly,bynotgoingtohisroom—somethingthatuntiljustaminuteagowasperfectlypermissibleforhimtodo—h
3、ewillbeactingwrongly.Howdidthismagichappen?Similarmagicseemstobegoingonwheneversomeonepossesseslegiti-mateauthority.Thestatearguablypossessessuchauthorityoveritscitizens(oratleastsomestatesdo,onsomematters,someofthetime).Mydeanarguablypossessessuchauthorityoverme(regardings
4、omeprofessionalmatters).Andperhapsalsothepassengerwhoseizestheinitiativeinanemergency,andstartstogiveinstructionstherebycoor-dinatingtheactionsofthemorepanickedpassengers(therebyperhapssavinglives):atleastaftersometimehaspassedandpeoplehavebeenfollowingherinstructionsforawh
5、ile,sheseemstobeabletodosimi-larnormativemagicwithherwords.1EarlierversionsofthispaperwerepresentedatthephilosophydepartmentsinDuke,Stirling,Edibnburgh,WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,Rutgers,andVermont;attheepistemologygroupintheVanLeerInstituteinJerusalem;inaconferenceatth
6、euniversityofGraz;andattheHebrewUniversityInstituteofAdvancedStudies.Ithanktheparticipants—andespeciallyWilfriedHinsch,mycommentatoratGraz—forthevaluablediscussion.IalsoreceivedhelpfulcommentsfromHagitBenbaji,MatthewBraddock,TerenceCuneo,AntonyDuff,YuvalEylon,AdilAhmadHaque,
7、SimonHope,ArthurKuflik,AmbroseLee,OferMalcai,MarkMoyer,ArikPelman,StephenPerry,ChristianPiller,JimPryor,JosephRaz,BenSaunders,WalterSinnott-Armstrong,HollySmith,RoySorensen,LeviSpectre,GopalSreenivasan,LarryTemkin,SergioTenenbaum,MichaelThompson,BasvanderVossen,andMattWeiner
8、.Also,thisresearchwassup-portedbytheIsraelScienceFoundation(grantno.13609).AUTHORI
