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1、BEHAVIORTHERAPY35,707--723,2004AMindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment-BasedApproachtoAthleticPerformanceEnhancement:TheoreticalConsiderationsF~aNI~L.GARDNERZELLAE.MOORELaSalleUniversityWhiletraditionalcognitive-behavioralskills-training-basedapproachestoathleticperformanceenhancemen
2、tpositthatnegativethoughtsandemotionsmustbecon-trolled,eliminated,orreplacedforathlete-clientstoperformoptimally,recentevi-dencesuggeststhateffortstocontrol,eliminate,orsuppresstheseinternalstatesmayactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect.Interventionsbasedonmindfulnessandac-ceptancesugge
3、stthatinternalcognitiveandemotionalstatesneednotbeeliminated,changed,orcontrolledinordertofacilitatepositivebehavioraloutcomes.Rather,itissuggestedthatanalternativeorsupplementalapproachtotheenhancementofath-leticperformancemaybeachievedthroughstrategiesandtechniquesthattargetth
4、edevelopmentofmindful(nonjudgmental)present-momentacceptanceofinternalexperiencessuchasthoughts,feelings,andphysicalsensations,alongwithaclarifi-cationofvaluedgoalsandenhancedattentiontoexternalcues,responses,andcon-tingenciesthatarerequiredforoptimalathleticperformance.Applieds
5、portpsychology,initseffortstoenhancethecompetitiveperfor-manceofathletes,hastraditionallyutilizedcognitivebehavioralmethodsandtechniqueswithanemphasisondevelopingself-controlofinternalstates,commonlyreferredtoaspsychologicalskillstraining(Whelan,Mahoney,&Meyers,1991).Incontrast,
6、behavioraltheoristsinprofessionalpsychologyhaverecentlybeguntoadvocateanddemonstrateempiricalsupportforinter-ventionsthatemphasizeacceptance,ratherthandirectchange,suppression,orcontrol,ofcognitiveandaffectiveexperiences(Hayes,Strosahl,&Wilson,1999;Roemer&Orsillo,2002;Segal,Will
7、iams,&Teasdale,2002).Withmodernmeta-cognitiveandacceptance-basedtheory,research,andpracticeasafoundation,andtheoreticalaspectsofself-regulatoryprocessesinathleticperformancecarefullyconsidered,thepurposeofthisarticleistopresentanewapproachtoperformanceenhancementthat,adaptedandd
8、evelopedAddresscorrespondencetoFrankL.Gardner,D
