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1、NBERWORKINGPAPERSERIESDEMOCRACYANDGROWTHRobertI.BarroWorkingPaperNo.4909NATIONALBUREAUOFECONOMICRESEARCH1050MassachusettsAvenueCambridge,MA02138October1994IamgratefultoJong-WhaLeeandJorthnRappaportforhelpwiththeunderlyingdata.ThisresearchhasbeensupportedinpartbytheNationalScienceFoun
2、dation.ThispaperispartofNBER'sresearchprograminGrowth.AnyopinionsexpressedarethoseoftheauthorandnotthoseoftheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch.©1994byRobertJ.Barro.Allrightsreserved.Shortsectionsoftext,nottoexceedtwoparagraphs,maybequotedwithoutexplicitpermissionprovidedthatfullcredit
3、,including©notice,isgiventothesource.NBERWorkingPaper#4909October1994DEMOCRACYANDGROWTHABSTRACTGrowthanddemocracy(subjectiveindexesofpoliticalfreedom)areanalyzedforapanelofabout100countriesfrom1960to1990.Thefavorableeffectsongrowthincludemaintenanceoftheruleoflaw,freemarkets,smallgov
4、ernmentconsumption,andhighhumancapital.Oncethesekindsofvariablesandtheinitiallevelofrealper-capitaGDPareheldconstant,theoveralleffectofdemocracyongrowthisweaklynegative.Thereisasuggestionofanonlinearrelationshipinwhichdemocracyenhancesgrowthatlowlevelsofpoliticalfreedombutdepressesgr
5、owthwhenamoderateleveloffreedomhasalreadybeenattained.Improvementsinthestandardofliving-measuredbyGDP,lifeexpectancy,andeducation-substantiallyraisetheprobabilitythatpoliticalfreedomswillgrow.Theseresultsallowforpredictionsaboutwhichcountrieswillbecomemoreorlessdemocraticinthefuture.
6、RobertJ.BarroBankofEnglandMonetaryAnalysis,Room326ThreadneedleStreetLondonEC2R8AHUNITEDKINGDOMandNBEREconomicfreedoms,intheformoffreemarketsandsmallgovernmentsthatfocusonthemaintenanceofpropertyrights,areoftenthoughttoencourageeconomicgrowth.Thisviewreceivessupportfromthepresentstudy
7、,whichusesdatafrommanycountriessince1960.Theresultsconfirmtheimportanceofeconomicfreedomandprovidesomequantificationofthelinkagesamonggrowthrates,marketdistortions,theruleoflaw,andothervariables.Theconnectionbetweenpoliticalandeconomicfreedomismorecontroversial.Someobservers,suchasFr
8、iedman(1962)
