Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of two of the approaches to the study of personalit

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1、NatalieMoraceCompareandcontrastthestrengthsandweaknessesoftwooftheapproachestothestudyofpersonalityAccordingtoPervin(2003)“personalityisthecomplexorganisationofcognitions,affectsandbehavioursthatgivesdirectionandpatterntotheperson’slife”.Therearefourmainapproachestopersonality:psychoanalyti

2、c,environmental,representativeanddispositional.Thisessayisgoingtofocusofontwooftheseapproaches:thepsychoanalyticapproachandtheenvironmentalapproach,inparticularthesocialcognitiveaspect.Therearemanytheoriesandresearchersthathavehelpedourunderstandingofpersonality;howeverthisessaywilllookatth

3、eideasandcritiqueofFreudandBandura.Thepsychoanalyticapproachusesaclinicalmethodofstudyingpersonalitysuchascasestudiesandtheexperimentalapproachusesthemanipulationofvariablesandhasdirectcontroloverthevariablesbeingstudied(Pervin,2003).Thefore-fatherofpsychoanalytictheorieswasSigmundFreudwhod

4、evelopedoneofthebest-knowntheoriesofpersonality-thepsychosexualstagesofdevelopment.Freudclaimedthatenergyliesisstatesofexcitationwhichthebodywantstoexpressorreduce.Thesestatesofexcitationareknownasdrivesandareassociatedwithpleasurebyreducingtension(Pervin,2003).Freudbelievedthatthebodyhasdi

5、fferenterogenouszonesthataredrivenbytheseinstinctsorenergy.Excitationandenergyintheseareasofthebodycausesthedevelopmentalshiftthroughoutthestages(Pervin,2003).Thefirsterogenouszoneislocatedinthemouthandisknownastheoralstagewheregratificationisachievedthroughfeedingandthumbsuckingasaninfant.

6、Thesecondstageistheanalstage(aroundtheagesof2-3)7NatalieMoracewheregratificationisassociatedwiththewithholdingandreleasingoffaeceswhichisgovernedbytoilettraining(Pervin,2003).Thethirdstageisthephallicstage(ages4-5)whereenergyisfocusedofthegenitals.AroundthistimetheOedipuscomplexoccurs,where

7、thesonhasaffectionsforhismotherandthereforecompeteswithhisfatherforheradmiration.InfemalesthiswaslatertermedtheElektracomplex(Pervin,2003).Duringthiscomplex,thechildidentifieswiththeoppositesexandthusadoptscertaintraitsthatbecomemorevisibleinlaterlifesuc