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1、SimonGächterUniversityofNottingham,CESifo,IZASydneyWinterSchoolJuly20111.Socialpreferences2.ContextualeffectsI:Materialincentives3.ContextualeffectsII:Peereffectsandsocialnorms4.ContextualeffectsIII:Culturalandsocietalbackground(c)SimonGächter,UniversityofNottingham1ContextIII:Cultural/socie
2、talbackgroundContextII:OtherpeoplePreviousresearch:Dopeoplehavesocialpreferences?NTAH10015103015Typicalapproach:gamesplayedinsocial&institutionalisolation.Results:socialpreferencesexist,butareheterogeneousContextI:Materialincentives2SocialPreferencesSimonGächterUniversityofNottingham,CESifo,
3、IZA(c)SimonGächter,UniversityofNottingham3Socialpreferences•Dictatorgames•Ultimatumgames•Trustgames•Giftexchangegames•Publicgoodsgames,withoutandwithpunishment(c)SimonGächter,UniversityofNottingham4HomoEconomicusPoliticalwritershaveestablisheditasamaxim,that,incontrivinganysystemofgovernment
4、…everymanoughttobesupposedtobeaknave,andtohavenootherend,inallhisactions,thanhisprivateinterest.DavidHume,Essays,(1754/1898).Thefirstprincipleofeconomicsisthateveryagentisactuatedonlybyselfinterest.F.Edgeworth,MathematicalPsychics,(1881).5TheSelfishGene•RichardDawkins(1974):“Wearesurvivalmac
5、hines,robotvehiclesblindlyprogrammedtopreservetheselfishmoleculeknownasgenes.…Thisgeneselfishnesswillusuallygiverisetoselfishnessinindividualbehavior.”(TheSelfishGene)•RichardAlexander(1987):“Ethics,morality,humanconduct,andthehumanpsychearetobeunderstoodonlyifsocietiesareseenascollectionsof
6、individualsseekingtheirownself-interest”(TheBiologyofMoralSystems)6DominantviewinEconomics(andBiology)•G.Stigler(1981):“[when]self-interestandethicalvalueswithwideverbalallegianceareinconflict,muchofthetime,mostofthetimeinfact,self-interest-theory...willwin.”•Methodologicalconsequence:Forpur
7、posesofunderstandingthepatternsandoutcomesofsocialinteractionsitsufficestoassumethathumansarepurelyself-interested.•DepartingfromtheselfishnessassumptionislikeopeningPandora’sbox.Why?•Self-InterestHypothesis:Peopleonlymaximizetheirownwell-being.•Us
