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1、Classicalcivilization—GreekcultureEpic:IliadandOdyssey(Homer700B.C.)--ThewarbetweenGreeceandTroy(around1200B.C.)Drama:PrometheusBound;OedipustheKingPhilosophicprose:TheRepublic(Plato),Metaphysics(Aristotle)Classicalcivilization—romancultureHistory-In146B.C.TheRo
2、mansconqueredGreece.-In27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.-After395A.D,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andtheWest.-In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbytheGoths哥特人.-In1453theEasternempirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefe
3、lltotheOttomanTurks.¨FamousFiguresJuliusCaesar(100-44B.C.):Romangeneral,statesman,andhistorianwhoinvadedBritain(55B.C),crushedthearmyofhispoliticalenemyPompey(48B.C),pursuedotherenemiestoEgypt,whereheinstalledCleopatraasqueen(47B.C)returnedtoRome,andwasgivenaman
4、datebythepeopletoruleasdictatorforlife(45B.C).HewasmurderedbyagroupofrepublicansledbyCassiusandBrutus,whofearedheintendedtoestablishamonarchyruledbyhimself.(Menwillingbelievewhattheywish.)MarcusCicero(106-43B.C.):Romanstatesman,orator,andphilosopher.Amajorfigure
5、inthelastyearsoftheRepublic,heisbestknownforhisorationsagainstCatilineandforhismasteryofLatinprose.-Lucretius卢克莱修:RomanphilosopherandpoetwhoisfamousforDeRerumNatura(OntheNatureofThings),alongpoemthatattemptstoexplaintheuniverseinscientifictermsinordertofreepeopl
6、efromsuperstitionandfearoftheunknown.(Matteriseternal.)-Virgil维吉尔:HisgreatestworkistheepicpoemAeneid,whichtellsofthewanderingsofAeneasafterthesackofTroy.Classicalcivilization—Judeo-christianJudaism:ThemonotheisticreligionoftheJews,tracingitsoriginstoAbrahamandha
7、vingitsspiritualandethicalprinciplesembodiedchieflyintheBibleandtheTalmud《犹太法典》Christianity:TheChristianreligion,foundedonthelifeandteachingsofJesus.TheBibleThesacredbookofChristianity,acollectionofancientwritingsincludingthebooksofboththeOldTestamentandtheNewTe
8、stament.TheOldTestament:ThecovenantofGodwithIsraelasdistinguishedinChristianityfromthedispensation（教规）ofJesusconstitutingtheNewTestament.1)TheEarlyMiddleAgesEuropefel
