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1、Test1:DevelopmentofMicrobiology■MultipleChoice(chooseoneanswer)1.Thefundamentalunit（基本单位）ofalllivingorganismsisthe:C■.membrane■.cell■.nucleus■.cellwall2.Organismsthatdonotcontainatruenucleusarereferredtoas:C■.fungi真菌■.eukaryotic真核生物■.prokaryotic原核生物■.nankaryotic3.Th

2、ethreekingdomclassificationsystem（三界分类系统）oforganismswasproposedby:D■.Pasteur■.Bacon■.Winogradsky■.Woese4.Fungidifferfrombacteriainanumberofcharacteristics.Thecellwallsinfungiarecomposedof,whilethecellwallsofbacteriaarecomposedofpeptidoglycan.A■.chitin壳多糖■.phospholip

3、id磷脂■.protein蛋白质■.glucosamine葡糖胺5.Thefirstmicroscopesweredevelopedby:C■.Ehrlich■.Metchnikoff■.Leewenhoek■.Lister6.Controlofmicrobialinfectionscanbeaccomplishedbychemicalorimmunemechanisms.Thefirstreportontheproductionofanantibiotic（抗生素）iscreditedto:C■.Lister■.Flemin

4、g■.Ehrlich■.Koch7.Theterm"antibiotic"means:C■.asubstanceproducedbythelaboratorythatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms■.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitsmolds（霉菌）■.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismthatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms■.asubstance

5、producedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitscancercells8.Thefirstdocumenteduseofavaccine（疫苗）forsmallpox天花wasreportedbytheEnglishphysician:D■.Lister■.Florey■.Fleming■.Jenner9.Activeimmunity（主动免疫）canbedistinguishedfrompassiveimmunityinthattheformerrequires:B■.developme

6、ntofantibodiesinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies■.developmentofantibodiesinone'sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantigens（抗原）■.Flemingdevelopmentofantibodiesinaforeignhostandtransfertoone'sownbody■.developmentofantigensinone'sownbodybystimulationwithex

7、ternalantibodies10.Theprocessofnitrification（硝化作用）bybacteriadescribedbyWinogradskyconverts:A■.ammoniatonitrateions将氨转化成硝酸盐■.nitrateionstoammonia将硝酸盐转化成氨■.N2toammonia将氮气转化成氨■.ammoniatourea将氨转化成尿素11.ThetransferofDNAfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughtheuseofaviralvector（病

8、毒载体）isreferredtoas:B■.electroporation电穿孔■.conjugation接合生殖■.transformation转化■.transduction转导12.Thegeneticmaterialofabacteriaislocatedinthem