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1、IntroductionMicrobesareadiversegroupoforganismsthatcanbedividedintotheviruses,unicellulargroups（Archaea,Eubacteria,protista,somefungiandsomechlorophyta）andasmallnumberoforganismswithasimplemulticellularstructure（thelargefungiandchlorophyta）.Microbiology：thescience（logos）ofsmall（micro）lif
2、e（bios）.Thestudyoflivingthingssosmallthattheycannotbeseenwiththenakedeye.Thethree-domainsystemisabiologicalclassificationintroducedbyCarlWoesethatdividescellularlifeformsintoarchaea,bacteria,andeukaryotedomains.Inparticular,itemphasizestheseparationofprokaryotesintotwogroups,originallyca
3、lledEubacteria（nowBacteria}andArchaebacteria（nowArchaea）.MicroorganismswerefirstvisualizedbyAntonivanLeeuwenhoek（1632723）,abutchclothmerchantandanexpertlensgrinder.ThefirstproofoftheinvolvementofbacteriaindiseaseandthedefinitiveproofofthegermtheoryofdiseasecamefromtheGermanRobertKoch.Koc
4、h'spostulates：1,Themicroorganismmustbepresentineveryinstanceofthediseaseandabsentfromhealthyindividuals.2,Themicroorganismmustbecapableofbeingisolatedandgrowninpureculture.3.Whenthemicroorganismisinoculatedintoahealthyhosthesamediseaseconditionmustresult.4,Thesamemicroorganismmustbere-is
5、olatedfromtheexperimentallyinfectedhost.ChapteroneFungiincludeyeasts,molds,andmushrooms.Virusesarenoncellularorganisms;theyareintra-cellularparasitesofanimals,plants,orbacteria・1#TheProkaryotescanbedividedintotwokingdoms.BacteriaandArchaea.TheclassificationwasfirstproposedbyWoesebasedont
6、hedifferencesin16SrRNAsequence・2,Prokaryoticmicroorganism（原核微生物）:Itisansingle・celledorganismwhichdoesnthaveanuclearmembraneoutsidethecellnucleusandonlyhasthebareONAcalledasthenucleararea.3,Manybacteriaareshapedlikelongrodstwistedintospiralsorhelices;theyarecalledspirilla（螺雄菌）ifrigidandsp
7、irochetes（螺旋体）whenflexible.4,Capsules（荚膜）andslimelayers（粘液层）usuallyarecomposedofpolysaccharides（多糖）"buttheymaybeconstrue十edofothermaterials・5,Gramstainingprocedure（革兰氏集色的步骤）InthefirststepoftheGram-stainingprocedure,thesmearisstainedwiththebasicdyecrystalvioletheprimarysta
