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1、IntroductionMicrobesareadiversegroupoforganismsthatcanbedividedintotheviruses,unicellulargroups(Archaea,Eubacteria,protista,somefungiandsomechlorophyta)andasmallnumberoforganismswithasimplemulticellularstructure(thelargefungiandchlorophyta).Microbiology:thescience(logos)ofsmall(micro)life(bios)
2、.Thestudyoflivingthingssosmallthattheycannotbeseenwiththenakedeye.Thethree-domainsystemisabiologicalclassificationintroducedbyCarlWoesethatdividescellularlifeformsintoarchaea,bacteria,andeukaryotedomains.Inparticular,itemphasizestheseparationofprokaryotesintotwogroups,originallycalledEubacteria
3、(nowBacteria)andArchaebacteria(nowArchaea).MicroorganismswerefirstvisualizedbyAntonivanLeeuwenhoek(1632–1723),aDutchclothmerchantandanexpertlensgrinder.ThefirstproofoftheinvolvementofbacteriaindiseaseandthedefinitiveproofofthegermtheoryofdiseasecamefromtheGermanRobertKoch.Koch’spostulates:1,The
4、microorganismmustbepresentineveryinstanceofthediseaseandabsentfromhealthyindividuals.2,Themicroorganismmustbecapableofbeingisolatedandgrowninpureculture.3,Whenthemicroorganismisinoculatedintoahealthyhost,thesamediseaseconditionmustresult.4,Thesamemicroorganismmustbere-isolatedfromtheexperimenta
5、llyinfectedhost.ChapteroneFungiincludeyeasts,molds,andmushrooms.Virusesarenoncellularorganisms;theyareintra-cellularparasitesofanimals,plants,orbacteria.1,TheProkaryotescanbedividedintotwokingdoms,BacteriaandArchaea.TheclassificationwasfirstproposedbyWoesebasedonthedifferencesin16SrRNAsequence.
6、2,Prokaryoticmicroorganism（原核微生物）:Itisansingle-celledorganismwhichdoesn’thaveanuclearmembraneoutsidethecellnucleusandonlyhasthebareDNAcalledasthenucleararea.3,Manybacteriaareshapedlikelongrodstwistedintospiralsorhelices;theyarecalledspirilla（螺旋菌）ifrigidandspirochetes(螺旋体)whenflexible.4,Capsules
7、(荚膜)andslimelayers(粘液层)usuallyarecomposedofpolysaccharides(多糖),buttheymaybeconstructedofothermaterials.5,Gramstainingprocedure(革兰氏染色的步骤)InthefirststepoftheGram-stainingprocedure,thesmearisstainedwiththebasicdyecrystalviolet,thepri
